Enhancing Employment Opportunities for Persons with Disability (PWDs) through Strategic HR Practices: An Analysis with Gender as a Moderating Factor
Abstract
This study investigates the factors that affect employment opportunities for persons with disabilities in the Klang Valley region. It analyzes gender as the moderating factor and uses a cross-sectional survey that includes 170 respondents. The independent variables are training and development, compensation and recruitment, while the dependent variable is employment opportunities. Convenience sampling was used with a web-based survey links sent across different routes. The most significant factor is recruitment with a p-value of less than 0.0001. This is followed by compensation that has a p-value of 0.003. Training and development are statistically insignificant with a p-value of 0.883. The moderating statistical analysis reveals that the coefficient of interaction term between gender and TD is -0.292 and p-value is 0.044. This shows gender as a moderator, is statistically significant decrease in the impact of training and development on employment opportunities. Further, the p-value between gender and compensation (p-value=0.203) as well as gender and recruitment (p-value = 0.462) indicate gender as a moderator does not statistically significant impact compensation and recruitment on employment opportunities.
References
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Al-Kassem, A. H. (2021). Significance of Human Resources Training and Development on Organizational Achievement. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(7), 693-707.
Alson, J. N., Espela, C. S., & Urbina, M. A. C. O. (2019). Factors affecting employability of persons with disabilities. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 1(9), 1-5.
Bartram, T., & Cavanagh, J. (2019). Re-thinking vocational education and training: Creating opportunities for workers with disability in open employment. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 71(3), 339-349.
Borghouts-van de Pas, I., & Freese, C. (2021). Offering jobs to persons with disabilities: A Dutch employers’ perspective. Alter, 15(1), 89-98.
Bredgaard, T., & Salado-Rasmussen, J. (2021). Attitudes and behaviour of employers to recruiting persons with disabilities. Alter, 15(1), 61-70.
Caron, L. (2021), "Disability, employment and wages: evidence from Indonesia", International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 42 No. 5, pp. 866-888. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-01-2020-0022
Choudhury Kaul, S., Alam, Q., & Sandhu, M. S. (2022). Why disability mainstreaming is good for business: A new narrative. Journal of business ethics, 177(4), 861-873.
Dela Cruz, J. M. M. (2023). Human Resource Management Practices on Inclusive Employment for Persons With Disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4(1), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.01.24
Finstad, G. L., Giorgi, G., Zaffina, S., Foti, G., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N. (2022). Challenges and opportunities for the employment of workers with disabilities: A systematic approach. Journal of Health and Social Sciences, 7, 53-79.
Friedman, C., & Rizzolo, M. C. (2020). Fair-wages for people with disabilities: Barriers and facilitators. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 31(3), 152-163.
Gumelar, R. F. A., & Sardi, M. (2021). Indonesian government policy to provide employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. Media of Law and Sharia, 2(2), 146-171.
Hansaram, S. K. H. R., Pa’Wan, F., Selladorall, S., Noor, R. M., Seong, A. W., Mun, P. S., &
Thangarajah, P. (2023). The Impact of Training and Development, Performance Appraisal, and Compensation and Benefits on Organizational Performance in Insurance Company in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(4), 1670 – 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i4/16751. DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i4/16751
Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2022), A Primer on Partial Least Squares. Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Ipsen, C., Kurth, N., & Hall, J. (2021). Evaluating MTurk as a recruitment tool for rural people with disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 14(1), 100991.
Jeha, H., Knio, M., & Bellos, G. (2022). The Impact of Compensation Practices on Employees' Engagement and Motivation in Times of COVID-19. COVID-19: Tackling Global Pandemics through Scientific and Social Tools, 131-149.
Johnston R, Jones K, Manley D. (2018). Confounding and collinearity in regression analysis: a cautionary tale and an alternative procedure, illustrated by studies of British voting behaviour. Qual Quant. 2018;52(4):1957-1976. doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0584-6
Kamau, S., Koskenranta, M., Kuivila, H., Oikarainen, A., Tomietto, M., Juntunen, J.,& Mikkonen, K. (2022). Integration strategies and models to support transition and adaptation of culturally and linguistically diverse nursing staff into healthcare environments: An umbrella review. International journal of nursing studies, 136, 104377.
Karim, M. H. A., Hassan, M. K. C., & Bahari, A. M. (2021). Investigating PWD Revisit Intention For Entreprenuerial Pastry Course At Selayang Community College: The Moderator Role of Gender.
Khayatzadeh-Mahani, A., Wittevrongel, K., Nicholas, D. B., & Zwicker, J. D. (2020). Prioritizing barriers and solutions to improve employment for persons with developmental disabilities.Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(19), 2696–2706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1570356
Li, W., Ni, T., Zhang, Y., Wang, D., & Parrado, S. (2023). Can people with disabilities obtain income by using skills learned from vocational trainings? Evidence from mainland China. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning.
Malaysian Bar https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/press-statements/press-statements/-press-release-rights-unseen-the-urgent-need-to-include-disability-in-malaysia-s-federal-constitution
Munap, R., & Malik, I. (2023). Workplace Condition And Occupational Stress: An Investigation On Administrative Staff In The Hotel Industries. Asian Journal of Social Science Research. 5 (1)
Martin, V., Flanagan, T. D., Vogus, T. J., & Chênevert, D. (2023). Sustainable employment depends on quality relationships between supervisors and their employees on the autism spectrum. Disability and Rehabilitation, 45(11), 1784-1795.
McKinney, E. L., & Swartz, L. (2021). Employment integration barriers: experiences of people with disabilities. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(10), 2298– 2320. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1579749
Meacham, H., Cavanagh, J., Shaw, A. and Bartram, T. (2017), "HRM practices that support the employment and social inclusion of workers with an intellectual disability", Personnel Review, Vol. 46 No. 8, pp. 1475-1492. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2016-0105
Morwane, R. E., Dada, S., & Bornman, J. (2021). Barriers to and facilitators of employment of persons with disabilities in low-and middle-income countries: A scoping review. African Journal of Disability, 10.
MEF Press release (Nov 2023)
https://www.mef.org.my/news/pr_article.aspx?@ID=197#:~:text=Malaysia%20enacted%20the%20Persons%20with,promotes%20employment%20of%20(PWDs).
Olsen, J. (2022). Employers: influencing disabled people’s employment through responses to reasonable adjustments. Disability & Society, 39(3), 791–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2022.2099251
Østerud, K. L. (2023). Disability discrimination: Employer considerations of disabled jobseekers in light of the ideal worker. Work, employment and society, 37(3), 740-756.
Pandey, K., & Deshpande, A. (2023). The Role of Training and Development in Business Organizations to Include PWDs into mainstream Employment. Quest Journal of Management, 14(1), 21-30.
Park, J. S., Bragg, D., Kamar, E., & Morris, M. R. (2021, March). Designing an online infrastructure for collecting AI data from people with disabilities. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (pp. 52-63).
Persons with disability act (2008) https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2022/11/Malaysia-Pwd-Act-2008.pdf
Pinilla-Roncancio, M., & Rodríguez Caicedo, N. (2022). Legislation on disability and employment: to what extent are employment rights guaranteed for persons with disabilities?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5654.
Press Release | Rights Unseen: The Urgent Need to Include “Disability” in Malaysia’s Federal Constitution 8 May 2024 12:00 pm Mohamad Ezri b Abdul Wahab President
Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (1997). Organizational socialization: Making sense of the past and present as a prologue for the future. Journal of vocational Behavior, 51(2), 234-279.
Shamshiri-Petersen, D., & Krogh, C. (2020). Disability Disqualifies: Avignette experiment of Danish employers' intentions to hire applicants with physical disabilities. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 22(1), 198-209.
Schloemer-Jarvis, A., Bader, B., & Böhm, S. A. (2021). The role of human resource practices for including persons with disabilities in the workforce: a systematic literature review. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(1), 45–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1996433
Suresh, V. and Dyaram, L. (2020), "Workplace disability inclusion in India: review and directions", Management Research Review, Vol. 43 No. 12. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-11- 2019-0479
Takasaki, Y. (2024). Impacts of vocational training for persons with disabilities: Experimental evidence from Cambodia. Journal of Development Economics, 103277.
Van Maanen, J. E., & Schein, E. H. (1977). Toward a theory of organizational socialization.
Verulava, T., & Bedianashvili, G. (2021). Work Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities: Employers' Perspectives. Calitatea, 22(182), 159-163.
Wanberg, C. (Ed.). (2012). The Oxford handbook of organizational socialization. Oxford University Press.
Wang, C., & Li, M. (2018). Gender Differences in Employment Among People With Disabilities in China. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 29(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207317745667
Zulmi, M. M., Prabandari, S. P., & Sudiro, A. (2021). Inclusive Human Resource Management (HRM) practices for employees with disabilities as an effort to manage diversity. Studies of Applied Economics, 39(12).
Al-Kassem, A. H. (2021). Significance of Human Resources Training and Development on Organizational Achievement. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(7), 693-707.
Alson, J. N., Espela, C. S., & Urbina, M. A. C. O. (2019). Factors affecting employability of persons with disabilities. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 1(9), 1-5.
Bartram, T., & Cavanagh, J. (2019). Re-thinking vocational education and training: Creating opportunities for workers with disability in open employment. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 71(3), 339-349.
Borghouts-van de Pas, I., & Freese, C. (2021). Offering jobs to persons with disabilities: A Dutch employers’ perspective. Alter, 15(1), 89-98.
Bredgaard, T., & Salado-Rasmussen, J. (2021). Attitudes and behaviour of employers to recruiting persons with disabilities. Alter, 15(1), 61-70.
Caron, L. (2021), "Disability, employment and wages: evidence from Indonesia", International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 42 No. 5, pp. 866-888. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-01-2020-0022
Choudhury Kaul, S., Alam, Q., & Sandhu, M. S. (2022). Why disability mainstreaming is good for business: A new narrative. Journal of business ethics, 177(4), 861-873.
Dela Cruz, J. M. M. (2023). Human Resource Management Practices on Inclusive Employment for Persons With Disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4(1), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.01.24
Finstad, G. L., Giorgi, G., Zaffina, S., Foti, G., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N. (2022). Challenges and opportunities for the employment of workers with disabilities: A systematic approach. Journal of Health and Social Sciences, 7, 53-79.
Friedman, C., & Rizzolo, M. C. (2020). Fair-wages for people with disabilities: Barriers and facilitators. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 31(3), 152-163.
Gumelar, R. F. A., & Sardi, M. (2021). Indonesian government policy to provide employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. Media of Law and Sharia, 2(2), 146-171.
Hansaram, S. K. H. R., Pa’Wan, F., Selladorall, S., Noor, R. M., Seong, A. W., Mun, P. S., &
Thangarajah, P. (2023). The Impact of Training and Development, Performance Appraisal, and Compensation and Benefits on Organizational Performance in Insurance Company in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(4), 1670 – 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i4/16751. DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i4/16751
Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2022), A Primer on Partial Least Squares. Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Ipsen, C., Kurth, N., & Hall, J. (2021). Evaluating MTurk as a recruitment tool for rural people with disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 14(1), 100991.
Jeha, H., Knio, M., & Bellos, G. (2022). The Impact of Compensation Practices on Employees' Engagement and Motivation in Times of COVID-19. COVID-19: Tackling Global Pandemics through Scientific and Social Tools, 131-149.
Johnston R, Jones K, Manley D. (2018). Confounding and collinearity in regression analysis: a cautionary tale and an alternative procedure, illustrated by studies of British voting behaviour. Qual Quant. 2018;52(4):1957-1976. doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0584-6
Kamau, S., Koskenranta, M., Kuivila, H., Oikarainen, A., Tomietto, M., Juntunen, J.,& Mikkonen, K. (2022). Integration strategies and models to support transition and adaptation of culturally and linguistically diverse nursing staff into healthcare environments: An umbrella review. International journal of nursing studies, 136, 104377.
Karim, M. H. A., Hassan, M. K. C., & Bahari, A. M. (2021). Investigating PWD Revisit Intention For Entreprenuerial Pastry Course At Selayang Community College: The Moderator Role of Gender.
Khayatzadeh-Mahani, A., Wittevrongel, K., Nicholas, D. B., & Zwicker, J. D. (2020). Prioritizing barriers and solutions to improve employment for persons with developmental disabilities.Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(19), 2696–2706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1570356
Li, W., Ni, T., Zhang, Y., Wang, D., & Parrado, S. (2023). Can people with disabilities obtain income by using skills learned from vocational trainings? Evidence from mainland China. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning.
Malaysian Bar https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/press-statements/press-statements/-press-release-rights-unseen-the-urgent-need-to-include-disability-in-malaysia-s-federal-constitution
Munap, R., & Malik, I. (2023). Workplace Condition And Occupational Stress: An Investigation On Administrative Staff In The Hotel Industries. Asian Journal of Social Science Research. 5 (1)
Martin, V., Flanagan, T. D., Vogus, T. J., & Chênevert, D. (2023). Sustainable employment depends on quality relationships between supervisors and their employees on the autism spectrum. Disability and Rehabilitation, 45(11), 1784-1795.
McKinney, E. L., & Swartz, L. (2021). Employment integration barriers: experiences of people with disabilities. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(10), 2298– 2320. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1579749
Meacham, H., Cavanagh, J., Shaw, A. and Bartram, T. (2017), "HRM practices that support the employment and social inclusion of workers with an intellectual disability", Personnel Review, Vol. 46 No. 8, pp. 1475-1492. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2016-0105
Morwane, R. E., Dada, S., & Bornman, J. (2021). Barriers to and facilitators of employment of persons with disabilities in low-and middle-income countries: A scoping review. African Journal of Disability, 10.
MEF Press release (Nov 2023)
https://www.mef.org.my/news/pr_article.aspx?@ID=197#:~:text=Malaysia%20enacted%20the%20Persons%20with,promotes%20employment%20of%20(PWDs).
Olsen, J. (2022). Employers: influencing disabled people’s employment through responses to reasonable adjustments. Disability & Society, 39(3), 791–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2022.2099251
Østerud, K. L. (2023). Disability discrimination: Employer considerations of disabled jobseekers in light of the ideal worker. Work, employment and society, 37(3), 740-756.
Pandey, K., & Deshpande, A. (2023). The Role of Training and Development in Business Organizations to Include PWDs into mainstream Employment. Quest Journal of Management, 14(1), 21-30.
Park, J. S., Bragg, D., Kamar, E., & Morris, M. R. (2021, March). Designing an online infrastructure for collecting AI data from people with disabilities. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (pp. 52-63).
Persons with disability act (2008) https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2022/11/Malaysia-Pwd-Act-2008.pdf
Pinilla-Roncancio, M., & Rodríguez Caicedo, N. (2022). Legislation on disability and employment: to what extent are employment rights guaranteed for persons with disabilities?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5654.
Press Release | Rights Unseen: The Urgent Need to Include “Disability” in Malaysia’s Federal Constitution 8 May 2024 12:00 pm Mohamad Ezri b Abdul Wahab President
Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (1997). Organizational socialization: Making sense of the past and present as a prologue for the future. Journal of vocational Behavior, 51(2), 234-279.
Shamshiri-Petersen, D., & Krogh, C. (2020). Disability Disqualifies: Avignette experiment of Danish employers' intentions to hire applicants with physical disabilities. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 22(1), 198-209.
Schloemer-Jarvis, A., Bader, B., & Böhm, S. A. (2021). The role of human resource practices for including persons with disabilities in the workforce: a systematic literature review. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(1), 45–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1996433
Suresh, V. and Dyaram, L. (2020), "Workplace disability inclusion in India: review and directions", Management Research Review, Vol. 43 No. 12. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-11- 2019-0479
Takasaki, Y. (2024). Impacts of vocational training for persons with disabilities: Experimental evidence from Cambodia. Journal of Development Economics, 103277.
Van Maanen, J. E., & Schein, E. H. (1977). Toward a theory of organizational socialization.
Verulava, T., & Bedianashvili, G. (2021). Work Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities: Employers' Perspectives. Calitatea, 22(182), 159-163.
Wanberg, C. (Ed.). (2012). The Oxford handbook of organizational socialization. Oxford University Press.
Wang, C., & Li, M. (2018). Gender Differences in Employment Among People With Disabilities in China. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 29(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207317745667
Zulmi, M. M., Prabandari, S. P., & Sudiro, A. (2021). Inclusive Human Resource Management (HRM) practices for employees with disabilities as an effort to manage diversity. Studies of Applied Economics, 39(12).
Published
2024-07-31
How to Cite
@ SIMRANPREET KAUR, Rammilah Hansaram et al.
Enhancing Employment Opportunities for Persons with Disability (PWDs) through Strategic HR Practices: An Analysis with Gender as a Moderating Factor.
International Journal of Business and Technology Management, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 479-495, july 2024.
ISSN 2682-7646.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijbtm/article/view/27290>. Date accessed: 19 sep. 2024.
Section
English Section
