Evaluating Effects of Opening Provisions in Courtyard on the Performance of Indoor Thermal Environment
Abstract
A courtyard's thermal functionality depends on various factors, including its opening. The Uniform Building By-Law of 1984 specifies a minimum requirement of 10% openness per total floor area. Nonetheless, it is still unclear if this requirement is sufficient and effective in ensuring the comfort for indoor spaces surrounding an air well. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of opening provisions on the indoor thermal environment by assessing the indoor thermal condition of an air well-type courtyard terrace house. Field measurements were conducted to measure the thermal environmental parameters of a living room and a bedroom in the selected house connected directly to the courtyard. The findings are compared and analysed according to previous literature and the ASHRAE and MS2680:2017 standards. The result indicated that the living room has a high temperature with static air movement that causes heat to be trapped inside the room. This raises the question of the current opening provision that may render a courtyard effective in moderate indoor thermal performance.
References
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Department of Standards Malaysia. Malaysian Standard MS2680:2017. InEnergy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy forResidential Buildings—Code of Practice; Department of Standards Malaysia: Selangor, Malaysia, 2017
Gamage, W., Lau, S., Qin, H., & Gou, Z. (2017). Effectiveness of air-well type courtyards on moderating thermal environments in tropical Chinese Shophouse. Architectural Science Review, 60(6), 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2017.1383230
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Idowu, I. A., Shari, Z., & Jaafar, M. F. Z. (2016). Evaluating natural ventilation provisions and occupants’ ventilation behavior in five terrace housing types in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Archnet-IJAR, 10(2), 130–152. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i2.868
Jamaludin, N., Mohammed, N. I., Khamidi, M. F., & Wahab, S. N. A. (2015). Thermal Comfort of Residential Building in Malaysia at Different Micro-climates. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 613–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2015.01.063
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Kubota, T. (2006). Usage of Air Conditioners and Windows in Residential Area in Johor Bahru City: Planning Methods of Coastal Residential Areas in Consideration of Wind Flow.
Kubota, T., & Ahmad, S. (2005). Questionnaire Survey on Behavior for Natural Ventilation and Electricity Consumption in Terraced Houses: A case study of Johor Bahru City.
Kubota, T., Chyee, D.T.H., and Ahmad, S. (2009). The effects of night ventilation technique on indoor thermal environment for residential buildings in hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Energy and Buildings, 41 (8), 829-839.
Kubota, T., and Toe, D.H.C. (2015). Application of passive cooling techniques in vernacular houses to modern urban houses: A case study of Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 179, 29-39.
Leng, P. C., Hoh Teck Ling, G., Ahmad, M. H., Ossen, D. R., Aminudin, E., Chan, W. H., & Tawasil, D. N. (2021). Thermal performance of single-story air-welled terraced house in malaysia: A field measurement approach. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010201
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Malaysian Fire Protection Association (2021)
Moghimi, S., Azizpour, F., Mat, S., Lim, C. H., Salleh, E., & Sopian, K. (2014). Building energy index and end-use energy analysis in large-scale hospitals-case study in Malaysia. Energy Efficiency, 7(2), 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-013-9221-y
Mohammad, S. T., Al-Kayiem, H. H., Aurybi, M. A., & Khlief, A. K. (2020). Measurement of global and direct normal solar energy radiation in Seri Iskandar and comparison with other cities of Malaysia. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100591
Mohd Sahabuddin, M. F., & Gonzalez-Longo, C. (2015). Traditional values and their adaptation in social housing design: Towards a new typology and establishment of “Air House” standard in Malaysia. Archnet-IJAR, 9(2), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i2.493
Nugroho, A. M., Ahmad, M. H., & Ossen, D. R. (2007). A Preliminary Study of Thermal Comfort in Malaysia’s Single Storey Terraced Houses. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 6(1), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.6.175
Nugroho, A. M., Citraningrum, A., Iyati, W., & Ahmad, H. (2020). Courtyard as Tropical Hot Humid Passive Design Strategy: Case Study of Indonesian Contemporary Boarding Houses in Surabaya Indonesia. In Journal of Design and Built Environment (Vol. 20, Issue 2).
Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H., & Okumiya, M. (2003). A ventilated courtyard as a passive cooling strategy in the warm humid tropics. Renewable Energy, 28(11), 1755–1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(03)00012-0
Sadafi, N., Salleh, E., Haw, L. C., & Jaafar, Z. (2011). Evaluating thermal effects of internal courtyard in a tropical terrace house by computational simulation. Energy and Buildings, 43(4), 887–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.009
Sadafi, N., Salleh, E., Lim, C. H., & Jaafar, Z. (2008). Potential Thermal Impacts of Internal Courtyard in Terrace Houses: A Case Study in Tropical Climate. Journal Applied of Sciences, 8, 2770–2775.
Stazi, F., Naspi, F., Ulpiani, G., & Di Perna, C. (2017). Indoor air quality and thermal comfort optimization in classrooms developing an automatic system for windows opening and closing. Energy and Buildings, 139, 732–746.
Sabarinah, S., & Steven, V. S. (2007). The performance of a partially air-conditioned apartment building in Kuala Lumpur. In The 24th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (pp. 608–614). Singapore.
Toe, D. H. C., & Kubota, T. (2015). Comparative assessment of vernacular passive cooling techniques for improving indoor thermal comfort of modern terraced houses in hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Solar Energy, 114, 229–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.01.035
Tuck, N. W., Zaki, S. A., Hagishima, A., Rijal, H. B., & Yakub, F. (2020). Affordable retrofitting methods to achieve thermal comfort for a terrace house in Malaysia with a hot–humid climate. Energy and Buildings, 223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110072
Tuck, N. W., Zaki, S. A., Hagishima, A., Rijal, H. B., Zakaria, M. A., & Yakub, F. (2019). Effectiveness of free running passive cooling strategies for indoor thermal environments: Example from a two-storey corner terrace house in Malaysia. Building and Environment, 160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106214
Malaysia.Uniform Building By-Laws, Malaysia; [G. N. 5178/85]; International Law Book Services (ILBS): Selangor, Malaysia, 1984.
Zamani, Z., Heidari, S., & Hanachi, P. (2018). Reviewing the thermal and microclimatic function of courtyards. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 93, pp. 580–595). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.055
Z. M. Zain, M. N. Taib, and S. M. S. Baki, “Hot and humid climate: Prospect for thermal comfort in residential building,” Desalination, vol. 209, no. 1–3, pp. 261–268, 2007.
ANSI/ASHRAE. (2017). ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2017: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. https://doi.org/ISSN 1041-2336
Al-Obaidi, M. A. A. H., & Woods, P. (2006). Investigations on effect of the orientation on thermal comfort in terraced housing in Malaysia. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 1(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/1.2.167
Azzmi, N. M., & Jamaludin, N. (2014). A Review of Heat Transfer in Terraced Houses of Tropical Climate. E3S Web of Conferences. https://doi.org/10.1051/C
Bornoma, A. H., & Adediran, A. O. (2017a). Enhancing Thermal Comnfort in Terrace Houses in the Tropics. In Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) (Vol. 4). http://www.propertyguru.co
Chung, L. P., Ahmad, M. H., Ossen, D. R., & Hamid, M. (2015). Effective Solar Chimney Cross Section Ventilation Performance in Malaysia Terraced House. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 179, 276–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.431
Department of Standards Malaysia. Malaysian Standard MS2680:2017. InEnergy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy forResidential Buildings—Code of Practice; Department of Standards Malaysia: Selangor, Malaysia, 2017
Gamage, W., Lau, S., Qin, H., & Gou, Z. (2017). Effectiveness of air-well type courtyards on moderating thermal environments in tropical Chinese Shophouse. Architectural Science Review, 60(6), 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2017.1383230
Hassan, A. S., & Ramli, M. (2010). Natural Ventilation of Indoor Air Temperature: A Case Study of the Traditional Malay House in Penang. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3(3), 521–528. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2010.521.528
Ibiyeye, A. I., & Zalina. (2015). Natural Ventilation Provisions in Terraced-House Designs in Hot-Humid Climates: Case of Putrajaya, Malaysia. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum, 23(4), 885–904. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/
Idowu, I. A., Shari, Z., & Jaafar, M. F. Z. (2016). Evaluating natural ventilation provisions and occupants’ ventilation behavior in five terrace housing types in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Archnet-IJAR, 10(2), 130–152. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i2.868
Jamaludin, N., Mohammed, N. I., Khamidi, M. F., & Wahab, S. N. A. (2015). Thermal Comfort of Residential Building in Malaysia at Different Micro-climates. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 613–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2015.01.063
Johari, M. N., & Said, S. Y. (2021). A comparative analysis between traditional malay house and terraced house in energy conservation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 685(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/685/1/012012
Kubota, T. (2006). Usage of Air Conditioners and Windows in Residential Area in Johor Bahru City: Planning Methods of Coastal Residential Areas in Consideration of Wind Flow.
Kubota, T., & Ahmad, S. (2005). Questionnaire Survey on Behavior for Natural Ventilation and Electricity Consumption in Terraced Houses: A case study of Johor Bahru City.
Kubota, T., Chyee, D.T.H., and Ahmad, S. (2009). The effects of night ventilation technique on indoor thermal environment for residential buildings in hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Energy and Buildings, 41 (8), 829-839.
Kubota, T., and Toe, D.H.C. (2015). Application of passive cooling techniques in vernacular houses to modern urban houses: A case study of Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 179, 29-39.
Leng, P. C., Hoh Teck Ling, G., Ahmad, M. H., Ossen, D. R., Aminudin, E., Chan, W. H., & Tawasil, D. N. (2021). Thermal performance of single-story air-welled terraced house in malaysia: A field measurement approach. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010201
Leng, P. C., Majid, R. A., Rahman, N. A., Bahru, J., Dilshan, J., Ossen, R., & Razif, F. M. (2019). Field Investigation of Indoor Thermal Performance in Malaysia Air-Welled Terraced House. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 6(3), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v6.n3
Malaysian Fire Protection Association (2021)
Moghimi, S., Azizpour, F., Mat, S., Lim, C. H., Salleh, E., & Sopian, K. (2014). Building energy index and end-use energy analysis in large-scale hospitals-case study in Malaysia. Energy Efficiency, 7(2), 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-013-9221-y
Mohammad, S. T., Al-Kayiem, H. H., Aurybi, M. A., & Khlief, A. K. (2020). Measurement of global and direct normal solar energy radiation in Seri Iskandar and comparison with other cities of Malaysia. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100591
Mohd Sahabuddin, M. F., & Gonzalez-Longo, C. (2015). Traditional values and their adaptation in social housing design: Towards a new typology and establishment of “Air House” standard in Malaysia. Archnet-IJAR, 9(2), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i2.493
Nugroho, A. M., Ahmad, M. H., & Ossen, D. R. (2007). A Preliminary Study of Thermal Comfort in Malaysia’s Single Storey Terraced Houses. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 6(1), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.6.175
Nugroho, A. M., Citraningrum, A., Iyati, W., & Ahmad, H. (2020). Courtyard as Tropical Hot Humid Passive Design Strategy: Case Study of Indonesian Contemporary Boarding Houses in Surabaya Indonesia. In Journal of Design and Built Environment (Vol. 20, Issue 2).
Rajapaksha, I., Nagai, H., & Okumiya, M. (2003). A ventilated courtyard as a passive cooling strategy in the warm humid tropics. Renewable Energy, 28(11), 1755–1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(03)00012-0
Sadafi, N., Salleh, E., Haw, L. C., & Jaafar, Z. (2011). Evaluating thermal effects of internal courtyard in a tropical terrace house by computational simulation. Energy and Buildings, 43(4), 887–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.009
Sadafi, N., Salleh, E., Lim, C. H., & Jaafar, Z. (2008). Potential Thermal Impacts of Internal Courtyard in Terrace Houses: A Case Study in Tropical Climate. Journal Applied of Sciences, 8, 2770–2775.
Stazi, F., Naspi, F., Ulpiani, G., & Di Perna, C. (2017). Indoor air quality and thermal comfort optimization in classrooms developing an automatic system for windows opening and closing. Energy and Buildings, 139, 732–746.
Sabarinah, S., & Steven, V. S. (2007). The performance of a partially air-conditioned apartment building in Kuala Lumpur. In The 24th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (pp. 608–614). Singapore.
Toe, D. H. C., & Kubota, T. (2015). Comparative assessment of vernacular passive cooling techniques for improving indoor thermal comfort of modern terraced houses in hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Solar Energy, 114, 229–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.01.035
Tuck, N. W., Zaki, S. A., Hagishima, A., Rijal, H. B., & Yakub, F. (2020). Affordable retrofitting methods to achieve thermal comfort for a terrace house in Malaysia with a hot–humid climate. Energy and Buildings, 223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110072
Tuck, N. W., Zaki, S. A., Hagishima, A., Rijal, H. B., Zakaria, M. A., & Yakub, F. (2019). Effectiveness of free running passive cooling strategies for indoor thermal environments: Example from a two-storey corner terrace house in Malaysia. Building and Environment, 160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106214
Malaysia.Uniform Building By-Laws, Malaysia; [G. N. 5178/85]; International Law Book Services (ILBS): Selangor, Malaysia, 1984.
Zamani, Z., Heidari, S., & Hanachi, P. (2018). Reviewing the thermal and microclimatic function of courtyards. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 93, pp. 580–595). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.055
Z. M. Zain, M. N. Taib, and S. M. S. Baki, “Hot and humid climate: Prospect for thermal comfort in residential building,” Desalination, vol. 209, no. 1–3, pp. 261–268, 2007.
Published
2023-10-01
How to Cite
MUSSALLIM, Nur Silmi Adilah et al.
Evaluating Effects of Opening Provisions in Courtyard on the Performance of Indoor Thermal Environment.
International Journal of Business and Technology Management, [S.l.], v. 5, n. S3, p. 164-176, oct. 2023.
ISSN 2682-7646.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijbtm/article/view/24154>. Date accessed: 06 dec. 2023.
