Creative Tourism Competitiveness in Chongqing City Using Diamond Model
Abstract
The development of creative tourism is of great importance to the economic growth of cities. As the only mega-city in western China, the development status and competitiveness of creative tourism in Chongqing city are worth analyzing. This paper uses Porter’s diamond model to analyze the competitiveness of creative tourism in Chongqing; it uses AHP hierarchical analysis and constructs a creative tourism competitiveness evaluation system through expert interviews to compare the competitiveness of creative tourism in Chongqing and Chengdu city to verify the accuracy of the evaluation system, and finally discusses the issues that need attention in enhancing the competitiveness of Chongqing’s cultural and creative tourism development.
References
Abreu-Novais, M., Ruhanen, L., & Arcodia, C. (2016). Destination competitiveness: What we know, what we know but shouldn't and what we don't know but should. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(6), 492–512.
Bayuwentu.(2020,July 25). The Rising Creative City of Western China - A Look Back at the Development of Chongqing's Creative Industries.Sohu.com. https://www.sohu.com/a/409603512_100101455
Chen, Q.,& Xiao, Y. ( 2022, July 11). Chongqing protects and inherits traditional culture in a "new" way. China Tourism News. http://www.ctnews.com.cn/spzb/content/2022-07/11/content_126812.html
Chongqing Municipal Commission of culture and tourism development(2018).Chongqing Tourism Statistics Bulletin 2018. http://whlyw.cq.gov.cn/wlzx_221/sjfb/201903/t20190305_3683855.html
Chongqing Municipal Commission of culture and tourism development (2019) .Chongqing Tourism Statistics Bulletin 2019. http://whlyw.cq.gov.cn/wlzx_221/sjfb/202003/t20200313_5729339.html
Chang, L. L., Backman, K. F., & Huang, Y.C. (2014). Creative tourism: a preliminary examination of creative tourists’ motivation, experience, perceived value and revisit intention. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 401-419.
Crouch, G. I., & Ritchie, J. B. (1999). Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. Journal of business research, 44(3), 137-152.
Croes, Robertico & Kubickova, Marketa (2013). From potential to ability to compete: Towards a performance-based tourism competitiveness index. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(3), 146–154.
Cibinskiene, A., & Snieskiene, G. (2015). Evaluation of city tourism competitiveness. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 213, 105-110.
Cheng, Q. & Fang, L.(2015). Competitiveness Evaluation Model and Empirical Research of Cultural Tourism Creative Industry in Yangtze River Delta Based on Ecological Niche. Economic Geography,35(7),183-189.
Department for Culture, Media and Sports (DCMS)(1998). Creative Industries Mapping Document. London: DCMS, 1998.
---- Creative Industries Task Force Report. London: DCMS, 1998.
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) (2001). ‘Creative Industries Mapping Document’, https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/creative-industries-mapping-documents-2001
Fernández, J. A. S., Azevedo, P. S., Martin, J. M. M., & Martin, J. A. R. (2020). Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in the countries most visited by international tourists: Proposal of a synthetic index. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100582.
General Office of Chongqing Municipal People's Government (2006). Chongqing Creative Industry "Eleventh Five-Year" Development Plan. https://www.jianpincn.com/skwx_jp/LiteratureDetail.aspx?ID=182199
Guo, X. (2013,April 24). Chongqing's creative industries added value of 52 billion yuan in 2012, accounting for 4.5% of GDP. Chongqing Daily. https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2013/04-24/4760031.shtml
Guo, S., Jiang, Y., & Long, W. (2019). Urban tourism competitiveness evaluation system and its application: comparison and analysis of regression and classification methods. Procedia Computer Science, 162, 429-437.
Howkins, J. Hong, Q. Sun, W. & Liu, M. (2007). The creative economy. Shanghai Joint Publishing Press.
Hu, X. (2021,November 30). A big deal! With a total investment of 2.1 billion, Chongqing Special Steel Factory will open a special cultural tourism park next year. Live Times App. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1717844924984377104
Kubickova, M., Croes, R., & Rivera, M. (2017). Human agency shaping tourism competitiveness and quality of life in developing economies. Tourism management perspectives, 22, 120-131.
Li, P. Q., & Kovacs, J. F. (2021). Creative tourism and creative spectacles in China. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 34-43.
Li, W., Wang, H. & Sun, J.(2007). Creative Travel: An Innovative Developmental Pattern in Tourism . Tourism Science,21(6), 1-5.
Leung, X. & Baloglu, S. (2013). Tourism Competitiveness of Asia Pacific Destinations. Tourism Analysis, 18(4), 371–384.
Luštický, M. & Štumpf, P. (2021). Leverage points of tourism destination competitiveness dynamics. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38, 100792.
Martínez, R. M., Galván, M. O., & Lafuente, A. M. G. (2014). Public Policies and Tourism Marketing. An analysis of the competitiveness on tourism in Morelia, Mexico and Alcala de Henares, Spain. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 146-152.
Pappalepore, I. (2016). Exploring the intangible impacts of cultural events on the creative sector: Experiences from the Cultural Olympiad programmes of Torino 2006 and London 2012. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(3), 441–454.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Competitive Intelligence Review, 1(1), 14-14.
Pena, J. B. (1977). Problemas de la medición del bienestar y conceptos afines (una aplicacióndel caso español). Madrid: INE.
Porter, M. E. (2002). Competitiveness and the Role of Regions. Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business School, 34.
Richards, G. (2014). Creativity and tourism in the city. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(2), 119–144.
Richards, G. (2018). Panorama of Creative Tourism Around the World (Panorama do turismo criativo no mundo). Seminário Internacional de Turismo Criativo, Cais do Sertão.
Richards, G. (2021). Making places through creative tourism? In Cultural Sustainability, Tourism and Development (pp. 36-48). Routledge.
Ritchie, J. B., & Crouch, G. I. (1993). Competitiveness in international tourism: A framework for understanding and analysis. World Tourism Education and Research Centre, University of Calgary.
Ritchie, J. R., Crouch, G. I., & Hudson, S. (2000). Assessing the role of consumers in the measurement of destination competitiveness and sustainability. Tourism Analysis, 5(2-3), 69-76.
Ritchie, J. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. Cabi.
Ritchie, J. B., Crouch, G. I., & Hudson, S. (2001). Developing operational measures for the components of a destination competitiveness/sustainability model: Consumer versus managerial perspectives. Consumer psychology of tourism, Hospitality and Leisure, 2, 1-17.
Rudianto, Y. L. (2009). Competitiveness Theory. DiE: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 6(1),31-65.
Sonobe, T., Buchoud, N. J., Tan Ghee Tiong, J., Baek, S., Hendriyetty, N., & Sioson, E. P. (2022). Creative Economy 2030: Imagining and Delivering a Robust, Creative, Inclusive, and Sustainable Recovery.
Scherf, K. (2021). Creative Tourism in Smaller Communities: Place, Culture, and Local Representation. University of Calgary Press.
Shishmanova,M.(2020). Creative tourism, creative industry-Policies and models to increase the territorial potential. International Scientific Refereed Online Journal with Impact Factor. www.sociobrains.com.
Stigler, G. J. (1972). Economic competition and political competition. Public Choice, 91-106.
Siudek, T., & Zawojska, A. (2014). Competitiveness in the economic concepts, theories and empirical research. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia, 13(1), 91-108.
Saaty, T. L. (1970). How to Make a Decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48, 9-26.
Zhang, Y. (2012). Research on the Development Strategy of Cultural and Creative Tourism: From the Perspective of Chongqing. Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Press.
Zhang, C. (2018). The Evaluation of Industrial Competitiveness of Regional Cultural Tourism Based on the Diamond Model. Chinese Journal of Management, 15(12), 1781-1788.
Zhang, M. (2019). Evaluation Index System and Empirical Study of Cultural and Creative Tourism Competitiveness. Special Zone Economy, 4(3), 80-82.
Bayuwentu.(2020,July 25). The Rising Creative City of Western China - A Look Back at the Development of Chongqing's Creative Industries.Sohu.com. https://www.sohu.com/a/409603512_100101455
Chen, Q.,& Xiao, Y. ( 2022, July 11). Chongqing protects and inherits traditional culture in a "new" way. China Tourism News. http://www.ctnews.com.cn/spzb/content/2022-07/11/content_126812.html
Chongqing Municipal Commission of culture and tourism development(2018).Chongqing Tourism Statistics Bulletin 2018. http://whlyw.cq.gov.cn/wlzx_221/sjfb/201903/t20190305_3683855.html
Chongqing Municipal Commission of culture and tourism development (2019) .Chongqing Tourism Statistics Bulletin 2019. http://whlyw.cq.gov.cn/wlzx_221/sjfb/202003/t20200313_5729339.html
Chang, L. L., Backman, K. F., & Huang, Y.C. (2014). Creative tourism: a preliminary examination of creative tourists’ motivation, experience, perceived value and revisit intention. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 401-419.
Crouch, G. I., & Ritchie, J. B. (1999). Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. Journal of business research, 44(3), 137-152.
Croes, Robertico & Kubickova, Marketa (2013). From potential to ability to compete: Towards a performance-based tourism competitiveness index. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(3), 146–154.
Cibinskiene, A., & Snieskiene, G. (2015). Evaluation of city tourism competitiveness. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 213, 105-110.
Cheng, Q. & Fang, L.(2015). Competitiveness Evaluation Model and Empirical Research of Cultural Tourism Creative Industry in Yangtze River Delta Based on Ecological Niche. Economic Geography,35(7),183-189.
Department for Culture, Media and Sports (DCMS)(1998). Creative Industries Mapping Document. London: DCMS, 1998.
---- Creative Industries Task Force Report. London: DCMS, 1998.
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) (2001). ‘Creative Industries Mapping Document’, https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/creative-industries-mapping-documents-2001
Fernández, J. A. S., Azevedo, P. S., Martin, J. M. M., & Martin, J. A. R. (2020). Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in the countries most visited by international tourists: Proposal of a synthetic index. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100582.
General Office of Chongqing Municipal People's Government (2006). Chongqing Creative Industry "Eleventh Five-Year" Development Plan. https://www.jianpincn.com/skwx_jp/LiteratureDetail.aspx?ID=182199
Guo, X. (2013,April 24). Chongqing's creative industries added value of 52 billion yuan in 2012, accounting for 4.5% of GDP. Chongqing Daily. https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2013/04-24/4760031.shtml
Guo, S., Jiang, Y., & Long, W. (2019). Urban tourism competitiveness evaluation system and its application: comparison and analysis of regression and classification methods. Procedia Computer Science, 162, 429-437.
Howkins, J. Hong, Q. Sun, W. & Liu, M. (2007). The creative economy. Shanghai Joint Publishing Press.
Hu, X. (2021,November 30). A big deal! With a total investment of 2.1 billion, Chongqing Special Steel Factory will open a special cultural tourism park next year. Live Times App. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1717844924984377104
Kubickova, M., Croes, R., & Rivera, M. (2017). Human agency shaping tourism competitiveness and quality of life in developing economies. Tourism management perspectives, 22, 120-131.
Li, P. Q., & Kovacs, J. F. (2021). Creative tourism and creative spectacles in China. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 34-43.
Li, W., Wang, H. & Sun, J.(2007). Creative Travel: An Innovative Developmental Pattern in Tourism . Tourism Science,21(6), 1-5.
Leung, X. & Baloglu, S. (2013). Tourism Competitiveness of Asia Pacific Destinations. Tourism Analysis, 18(4), 371–384.
Luštický, M. & Štumpf, P. (2021). Leverage points of tourism destination competitiveness dynamics. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38, 100792.
Martínez, R. M., Galván, M. O., & Lafuente, A. M. G. (2014). Public Policies and Tourism Marketing. An analysis of the competitiveness on tourism in Morelia, Mexico and Alcala de Henares, Spain. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 146-152.
Pappalepore, I. (2016). Exploring the intangible impacts of cultural events on the creative sector: Experiences from the Cultural Olympiad programmes of Torino 2006 and London 2012. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(3), 441–454.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Competitive Intelligence Review, 1(1), 14-14.
Pena, J. B. (1977). Problemas de la medición del bienestar y conceptos afines (una aplicacióndel caso español). Madrid: INE.
Porter, M. E. (2002). Competitiveness and the Role of Regions. Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business School, 34.
Richards, G. (2014). Creativity and tourism in the city. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(2), 119–144.
Richards, G. (2018). Panorama of Creative Tourism Around the World (Panorama do turismo criativo no mundo). Seminário Internacional de Turismo Criativo, Cais do Sertão.
Richards, G. (2021). Making places through creative tourism? In Cultural Sustainability, Tourism and Development (pp. 36-48). Routledge.
Ritchie, J. B., & Crouch, G. I. (1993). Competitiveness in international tourism: A framework for understanding and analysis. World Tourism Education and Research Centre, University of Calgary.
Ritchie, J. R., Crouch, G. I., & Hudson, S. (2000). Assessing the role of consumers in the measurement of destination competitiveness and sustainability. Tourism Analysis, 5(2-3), 69-76.
Ritchie, J. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. Cabi.
Ritchie, J. B., Crouch, G. I., & Hudson, S. (2001). Developing operational measures for the components of a destination competitiveness/sustainability model: Consumer versus managerial perspectives. Consumer psychology of tourism, Hospitality and Leisure, 2, 1-17.
Rudianto, Y. L. (2009). Competitiveness Theory. DiE: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 6(1),31-65.
Sonobe, T., Buchoud, N. J., Tan Ghee Tiong, J., Baek, S., Hendriyetty, N., & Sioson, E. P. (2022). Creative Economy 2030: Imagining and Delivering a Robust, Creative, Inclusive, and Sustainable Recovery.
Scherf, K. (2021). Creative Tourism in Smaller Communities: Place, Culture, and Local Representation. University of Calgary Press.
Shishmanova,M.(2020). Creative tourism, creative industry-Policies and models to increase the territorial potential. International Scientific Refereed Online Journal with Impact Factor. www.sociobrains.com.
Stigler, G. J. (1972). Economic competition and political competition. Public Choice, 91-106.
Siudek, T., & Zawojska, A. (2014). Competitiveness in the economic concepts, theories and empirical research. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia, 13(1), 91-108.
Saaty, T. L. (1970). How to Make a Decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48, 9-26.
Zhang, Y. (2012). Research on the Development Strategy of Cultural and Creative Tourism: From the Perspective of Chongqing. Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Press.
Zhang, C. (2018). The Evaluation of Industrial Competitiveness of Regional Cultural Tourism Based on the Diamond Model. Chinese Journal of Management, 15(12), 1781-1788.
Zhang, M. (2019). Evaluation Index System and Empirical Study of Cultural and Creative Tourism Competitiveness. Special Zone Economy, 4(3), 80-82.
Published
2023-09-01
How to Cite
ZHU, Zhu; ISA, Siti Suriawati; RAMLAN, Mohd Aswad.
Creative Tourism Competitiveness in Chongqing City Using Diamond Model.
International Journal of Business and Technology Management, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 3, p. 118-132, sep. 2023.
ISSN 2682-7646.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijbtm/article/view/23741>. Date accessed: 04 oct. 2024.
Section
Articles
