Strength and Sorptivity of Eco-Processed Pozzolan Concrete under Chloride and Sulphate Exposure
Abstract
Concrete is one of the most frequently used building material an account of its good compressive strength and durability. However, severe aggressive environmental conditions could lead to deterioration of concrete. Therefore, this study focused the impact of Eco-Processed Pozzolan (EPP) on the compressive strength and sorptivity of concrete exposed to chloride and sulphate environment. EPP is a new supplementary cementitious material produced from the extraction of Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) in the palm oil refineries. In this study, the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was partially replaced with 10%, 20% and 30% of EPP by weight of cement with water to binder ratio of 0.45. The resistance of EPP concretes towards chloride and sulphate attack was investigated by placing concrete cubes in 3.5% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and 3.0% Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4) solution and tested for compressive strength and sorptivity of the concretes. The results show that partial replacement of cement with EPP give lower loss of strength of concrete under the chloride and sulphate exposures. The shorter time taken for the capillary suction resulted in higher sorptivity value in comparison with the EPP concrete. The present investigations revealed that incorporation EPP has significantly improved the strength and sorptivity characteristics of concrete.
References
Elffie Y., Hidayati A. & Ahmad Nurfaidhi R.(2020). Compressive Strength of Eco-Processed
Pozzolan Concrete under Chloride and Sulphate Exposure. Proceedings of the International Academic Conference in Applied Sciences and Engineering (IACASE) (p.p. 7-18) Bayview Hotel, Langkawi Kedah
Ganesan K, Rajagopal K and Thangavel K. Rice husk ash blended cement: assessment of
optimal level of replacement for strength and permeability properties of concrete. Construction and Building Materials (Guildford), 2008; 22(8):1675-1683.
Ghazy, A. and Bassuoni, M. T. (Nov. 2017), "Resistance of Concrete to Different Exposure
Regimes with Chloride-based Salts", Cement and Concrete Research, V. 101, pp. 144-158
Hall C., Water sorptivity of mortars and concretes: A review, Magazine of Concrete
Research, 41 (147), 1989, 51-61.
Hwang C.L and Wu D.S., “Properties of Cement Paste Containing Rice Husk,” ACI SP114-
35, Proceedings of the Third CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Trondheim, Norway, ed. V.M. Malhotra, 1989, pp. 733-762.
Hidayati Asrah, Abdul Karim Mirasa, Nurmin Bolong, Md Abdul Mannan & Muhammad
Madi. (2017). Reduction of Alkali—Silica Reaction Expansion using Ultrafine Palm Oil Fuel Ash, ISSN: 1816-949X 12 (19): 4820-4825.
Jonida Pone, Ahmed Ash, John Kamau & Fraser Hyndman. (2018). Palm Oil Fuel Ash as A Cement Replacement in Concrete, Mod App Matrl Sci 1(1)- 2018.
MAMS.MS.ID.000102. DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2018.01.000102
Kartini K., Mahmud H.B. & Hamidah M.S. (2010). Absorption and Permeability
Performance of Selangor Rice Husk Blended Grade 30 Concrete, Journal of Enineering Science and Technology, Volume 5, No. 1 (2010) 1-6.
Khairunisa Muthusamya, Nurazzimah Zamria, Mohammad Amirulkhairi Zubira, Andri
Kusbiantorob & Saffuan Wan Ahmada. (2015). Effect of mixing ingredient on compressive strength of oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete containing palm oil fuel ash, 125 ( 2015 ) 804 – 810
Khan, Abdul Ghayoor, and Bazid Khan. "Effect of partial replacement of cement by mixture
of glass powder and silica fume upon concrete strength." (2017).
Lee, H., Cody, R. D, Cody, A. M., Spry, P. G. (2000). Effects of various deicing chemicals
on pavement concrete deterioration. Proceedings of Mid-continent transportation symposium. -accessed 14 June 2010. Available from http://ntl.bts.gov/
Liyana A.S., Mohd Zulham A.M.Z., Nur Fitriah I. , Muhammad A. A., Muhammad M.A.,
Mohd Badrul H.A.M., Mustaqqim A.R., Zuhayr M.G., Juraida A.B, Muhammad Shafiq A.A.(2015). Performance of Concrete by Using PPalm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as a Cement Replacement Material, July-2015, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.815.29
Mallikarjun G., Kashinath B. R. & K.B. Prakash. (2015). Effect of Replacement of Cement
by Different Pozzolanic Materials on Heat of Hydration and Setting Time of Concrete, International Journal of Environmental Agriculture Research (IJOEAR), Volume 1, Issues 4, August-2015.
Marangu Joseph Mwiti. (2013). Pozzolanicity, Chloride Ingress and Compressive Strength of
Laboratory made Kenya Clay Portland Cement Blends, I56/CE/14210/09.
Mehta & P.K. “Rice Husk Ash-A unique Supplementary Cementing Material.” Proceedings
of the International Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology, ed. V.M. Malhotra, Athens, Greece, May 1992, pp. 407-430.
Ministry of Works. (2005), Prescribed mixes for general use per cubic meter of concrete by
weight batching (section D – JKR-20800-132-23)
Nazrin Sharom. (2016). Performance of Eco Process Pozzolan Foamed Concrete as Cement
Replacement (Bachelor Degree Thesis). Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia.
Osama Mohamed. (2018). Durability and Compressive Strength of High Cement
Replacement Ratio Self-Consolidating Concrete, 8, 153; doi: 10.3390/buildings8110153.
Osei D. Y. & Jackson E.N. (2012). Compressive strength and workability of concrete using
natural pozzolana as partial replacement of ordinary portland cement, 3 (6):3658-3662
Parron-Rubio, M.E.; Perez-Garcia, F.; Gonzalez-Herrera, A.; Oliveira, M.J.; Rubio-Cintas,
M.D. Slag Substitution as a Cementing Material in Concrete: Mechanical, Physical and Environmental Properties. Materials 2019, 12, 2845
Rafieizonooz, M., Mirza, J., Salim, M. R., Hussin, M. W. and Khankhaje, E. (2016)
Investigation of coal bottom ash and fly ash in concrete as replacement for sand and cement. Construction and Building Materials, 116:15–24.
Raihana Farahiyah, Hidayati Asrah, Ahmad Nurfaidhi & Abdul karim. (2019).
Characterization of Eco-Processes Pozzolan as Pozolanic Material. Proceedings of the International on Environmental Sustainability and Resources Security (IC-ENSURES) (p.p. 89-93) UTM, Kuala Lumpur
Rathod Ravinder, K. Sagarika, K. Deepthi, P. Alekya Reddy, R. Spandana, S. Sruthi. (2018).
Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete on Partial Replacement of Cement with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), National Conference on Water and Environment Society.
Speare, P.R.S.; Eleftheriou, K.; and Siludom, S. (1999). Durability of concrete containing
rice husk ash as an additive, exploiting wastes in concrete. Proceeding of International Seminar on Creating Waste in Concrete, Editors: Dhir, R.K. and Jappy, T.G., Thomas Telford Publication, 283-290, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Vinay Chandwani, S.S.; Agrawal, V.; Nagar, R. Modeling slump of ready mix concrete using
artificial neural network. Int. J. Technol. 2015, 6, 207–216.
Vinod Goud, Niraj Soni, Goutam Varma, Kapil Kuswah, Sharad Chaurasia, Vishwajeet
Sharma. (2016). Partial Replacement of Cement with Fly Ash in Concrete and Its Effect, Volume 6, Issue 10, October-2016 , ISSN: 2250-3021
Wankhede P R and Fulari V A 2014 Effect of fly ash on properties of concrete Int. J. Emerg.
Technol. Adv. Eng. 4 284-9
Zhang MH and Malhotra VM. High-performance concrete incorporating rice husk ash as a
supplementary cementing materials. ACI Materials Journal (Detroit), 1996; 93(6):629-636.
E. Guneyisi & Mehmet G. & Kasim Mermerdas. (2007). Improvving Strength Drying
Shrinkage, and PPore Structure of Concrete using Metakaolin, March-2007, DOI: 10.1617/s11527-007-9296-z
I. Odler, M. Gasser, Mechanism of sulfate expansion in hydrated Portland cement, J. Am.
Ceramic Society 71(11) (1988) 1015-1020.
J. Bai, S. Wild, B. B. Sabir. (2002). Chloride Ingress and Strength Loss in Concrete with
Different PC-PFA-MK Binder Compositions Exposed to Synthetic Seawater, 33 (2003) 353–362.
M.A. Adole, W.E. Dzasu, A. Umar, O.M. Oraegbune, Effects of groundnut husk Ash-
blended cement on chemical resistance of concrete, ATBU J. Environ. Technol. 4 (2012) 23–32.
M. D. Cohen, Theories of expansion in sulfo-aluminate type expansive cements: Schools of
thought, Cement and Concrete Research 13 (1983) 809-818.
M.S Krishna Hygrive, I. Siva Kishore, KJB Chari. (2017). Comparative Study on
Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Concrete, Volume 8, Issues 4, April 2017 ISSN: 0976-6308
P. K. Mehta, Mechanism of expansion associated with ettringite formation, Cement and
Concrete Research 13 (1983) 401-406.
R.P. Jaya, B.H.A. Bakar, M.A.M. Johari, M.H.W. Ibrahim, Strength and permeability
properties of concrete containing rice husk ash with different grinding time, Cent. Eur. J. Eng. 1 (1) (2011) 103–112.
V. Gopi & K. Shyam Chamberlin. (2019). Eperimental Investigation on Strength and
Durability of Concrete Incorporated with Silica Fume and Fly Ash, Volume 7, Issue 6C2, April-2019, ISSN: 2277-3878
Pozzolan Concrete under Chloride and Sulphate Exposure. Proceedings of the International Academic Conference in Applied Sciences and Engineering (IACASE) (p.p. 7-18) Bayview Hotel, Langkawi Kedah
Ganesan K, Rajagopal K and Thangavel K. Rice husk ash blended cement: assessment of
optimal level of replacement for strength and permeability properties of concrete. Construction and Building Materials (Guildford), 2008; 22(8):1675-1683.
Ghazy, A. and Bassuoni, M. T. (Nov. 2017), "Resistance of Concrete to Different Exposure
Regimes with Chloride-based Salts", Cement and Concrete Research, V. 101, pp. 144-158
Hall C., Water sorptivity of mortars and concretes: A review, Magazine of Concrete
Research, 41 (147), 1989, 51-61.
Hwang C.L and Wu D.S., “Properties of Cement Paste Containing Rice Husk,” ACI SP114-
35, Proceedings of the Third CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Trondheim, Norway, ed. V.M. Malhotra, 1989, pp. 733-762.
Hidayati Asrah, Abdul Karim Mirasa, Nurmin Bolong, Md Abdul Mannan & Muhammad
Madi. (2017). Reduction of Alkali—Silica Reaction Expansion using Ultrafine Palm Oil Fuel Ash, ISSN: 1816-949X 12 (19): 4820-4825.
Jonida Pone, Ahmed Ash, John Kamau & Fraser Hyndman. (2018). Palm Oil Fuel Ash as A Cement Replacement in Concrete, Mod App Matrl Sci 1(1)- 2018.
MAMS.MS.ID.000102. DOI: 10.32474/MAMS.2018.01.000102
Kartini K., Mahmud H.B. & Hamidah M.S. (2010). Absorption and Permeability
Performance of Selangor Rice Husk Blended Grade 30 Concrete, Journal of Enineering Science and Technology, Volume 5, No. 1 (2010) 1-6.
Khairunisa Muthusamya, Nurazzimah Zamria, Mohammad Amirulkhairi Zubira, Andri
Kusbiantorob & Saffuan Wan Ahmada. (2015). Effect of mixing ingredient on compressive strength of oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete containing palm oil fuel ash, 125 ( 2015 ) 804 – 810
Khan, Abdul Ghayoor, and Bazid Khan. "Effect of partial replacement of cement by mixture
of glass powder and silica fume upon concrete strength." (2017).
Lee, H., Cody, R. D, Cody, A. M., Spry, P. G. (2000). Effects of various deicing chemicals
on pavement concrete deterioration. Proceedings of Mid-continent transportation symposium. -accessed 14 June 2010. Available from http://ntl.bts.gov/
Liyana A.S., Mohd Zulham A.M.Z., Nur Fitriah I. , Muhammad A. A., Muhammad M.A.,
Mohd Badrul H.A.M., Mustaqqim A.R., Zuhayr M.G., Juraida A.B, Muhammad Shafiq A.A.(2015). Performance of Concrete by Using PPalm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as a Cement Replacement Material, July-2015, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.815.29
Mallikarjun G., Kashinath B. R. & K.B. Prakash. (2015). Effect of Replacement of Cement
by Different Pozzolanic Materials on Heat of Hydration and Setting Time of Concrete, International Journal of Environmental Agriculture Research (IJOEAR), Volume 1, Issues 4, August-2015.
Marangu Joseph Mwiti. (2013). Pozzolanicity, Chloride Ingress and Compressive Strength of
Laboratory made Kenya Clay Portland Cement Blends, I56/CE/14210/09.
Mehta & P.K. “Rice Husk Ash-A unique Supplementary Cementing Material.” Proceedings
of the International Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology, ed. V.M. Malhotra, Athens, Greece, May 1992, pp. 407-430.
Ministry of Works. (2005), Prescribed mixes for general use per cubic meter of concrete by
weight batching (section D – JKR-20800-132-23)
Nazrin Sharom. (2016). Performance of Eco Process Pozzolan Foamed Concrete as Cement
Replacement (Bachelor Degree Thesis). Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia.
Osama Mohamed. (2018). Durability and Compressive Strength of High Cement
Replacement Ratio Self-Consolidating Concrete, 8, 153; doi: 10.3390/buildings8110153.
Osei D. Y. & Jackson E.N. (2012). Compressive strength and workability of concrete using
natural pozzolana as partial replacement of ordinary portland cement, 3 (6):3658-3662
Parron-Rubio, M.E.; Perez-Garcia, F.; Gonzalez-Herrera, A.; Oliveira, M.J.; Rubio-Cintas,
M.D. Slag Substitution as a Cementing Material in Concrete: Mechanical, Physical and Environmental Properties. Materials 2019, 12, 2845
Rafieizonooz, M., Mirza, J., Salim, M. R., Hussin, M. W. and Khankhaje, E. (2016)
Investigation of coal bottom ash and fly ash in concrete as replacement for sand and cement. Construction and Building Materials, 116:15–24.
Raihana Farahiyah, Hidayati Asrah, Ahmad Nurfaidhi & Abdul karim. (2019).
Characterization of Eco-Processes Pozzolan as Pozolanic Material. Proceedings of the International on Environmental Sustainability and Resources Security (IC-ENSURES) (p.p. 89-93) UTM, Kuala Lumpur
Rathod Ravinder, K. Sagarika, K. Deepthi, P. Alekya Reddy, R. Spandana, S. Sruthi. (2018).
Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete on Partial Replacement of Cement with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), National Conference on Water and Environment Society.
Speare, P.R.S.; Eleftheriou, K.; and Siludom, S. (1999). Durability of concrete containing
rice husk ash as an additive, exploiting wastes in concrete. Proceeding of International Seminar on Creating Waste in Concrete, Editors: Dhir, R.K. and Jappy, T.G., Thomas Telford Publication, 283-290, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Vinay Chandwani, S.S.; Agrawal, V.; Nagar, R. Modeling slump of ready mix concrete using
artificial neural network. Int. J. Technol. 2015, 6, 207–216.
Vinod Goud, Niraj Soni, Goutam Varma, Kapil Kuswah, Sharad Chaurasia, Vishwajeet
Sharma. (2016). Partial Replacement of Cement with Fly Ash in Concrete and Its Effect, Volume 6, Issue 10, October-2016 , ISSN: 2250-3021
Wankhede P R and Fulari V A 2014 Effect of fly ash on properties of concrete Int. J. Emerg.
Technol. Adv. Eng. 4 284-9
Zhang MH and Malhotra VM. High-performance concrete incorporating rice husk ash as a
supplementary cementing materials. ACI Materials Journal (Detroit), 1996; 93(6):629-636.
E. Guneyisi & Mehmet G. & Kasim Mermerdas. (2007). Improvving Strength Drying
Shrinkage, and PPore Structure of Concrete using Metakaolin, March-2007, DOI: 10.1617/s11527-007-9296-z
I. Odler, M. Gasser, Mechanism of sulfate expansion in hydrated Portland cement, J. Am.
Ceramic Society 71(11) (1988) 1015-1020.
J. Bai, S. Wild, B. B. Sabir. (2002). Chloride Ingress and Strength Loss in Concrete with
Different PC-PFA-MK Binder Compositions Exposed to Synthetic Seawater, 33 (2003) 353–362.
M.A. Adole, W.E. Dzasu, A. Umar, O.M. Oraegbune, Effects of groundnut husk Ash-
blended cement on chemical resistance of concrete, ATBU J. Environ. Technol. 4 (2012) 23–32.
M. D. Cohen, Theories of expansion in sulfo-aluminate type expansive cements: Schools of
thought, Cement and Concrete Research 13 (1983) 809-818.
M.S Krishna Hygrive, I. Siva Kishore, KJB Chari. (2017). Comparative Study on
Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Concrete, Volume 8, Issues 4, April 2017 ISSN: 0976-6308
P. K. Mehta, Mechanism of expansion associated with ettringite formation, Cement and
Concrete Research 13 (1983) 401-406.
R.P. Jaya, B.H.A. Bakar, M.A.M. Johari, M.H.W. Ibrahim, Strength and permeability
properties of concrete containing rice husk ash with different grinding time, Cent. Eur. J. Eng. 1 (1) (2011) 103–112.
V. Gopi & K. Shyam Chamberlin. (2019). Eperimental Investigation on Strength and
Durability of Concrete Incorporated with Silica Fume and Fly Ash, Volume 7, Issue 6C2, April-2019, ISSN: 2277-3878
Published
2020-09-30
How to Cite
YUNUS, Elffie; ASRAH, Hidayati; RIZALMAN, Ahmad Nurfaidhi.
Strength and Sorptivity of Eco-Processed Pozzolan Concrete under Chloride and Sulphate Exposure.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering Innovation, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 3, p. 32-43, sep. 2020.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijarei/article/view/10823>. Date accessed: 20 sep. 2024.
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