Characterization of Spherical Waste CRT Glass as Aggregates in Concrete
Abstract
Hazardous cathode ray tube (CRT) glass waste has been used to partially or totally replace natural aggregates in concrete. It is an effective and environmentally friendly method of recycling the increasing number of discarded CRT in the electronic industry. However, little research has been made on other recycling methods, in particular, melting and annealing operations. The typical way is by crushing the CRT funnel glass and grading it to size less than 4.75 mm. The crushing operations have caused the formation of micro-cracks in the glass, led to high concentration of lead leaching. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the properties of spherical CRT glass (GS) as coarse aggregate in concrete, which was shaped using the techniques melting and annealing. The results demonstrated that the GS is a stronger coarse aggregate than crushed CRT glass (GC) and natural aggregate. The annealing technique has managed to reduce the internal pressure of the glass and strengthens the glass product i.e. GS. Other than that, GS shows the lowest value of specific gravity, unit weight, and percentage absorption. In addition, the use of different morphological features of CRT glass as aggregates are found to be beneficial to concrete strength. The combination of 60% GS and 40% GC has made the coarse aggregates consisting of different shapes and sizes produce a more compacted concrete structure, which significantly lower the percentage reduction of compressive strength between the CRT concrete and the conventional concrete, at only 8.9% loss. The properties of GS are seen as an important step towards hazardous waste CRT glass recycling as a sustainable construction material.
References
ACI E1-99. (1999). Aggregates for concrete. American Concrete Institute. 1-26.
Afeni, T. B., & Ayiti, T. S. (2018). Evaluation of Granite Rock Properties on Qualities of Aggregates Produced at Stoneworks Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 84–106.
Afolabi, A., Johnson, O. T., & Abdulkareem, A. S. (2012). The effect of Raw Materials and Production Conditions on Glass Quality. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, 3, 1–3.
Balcar, G. P. (1997). Glass Beads Having Improved Fracture Toughness. United States. 62-66.
Benediktsson, S., & Wigum, B. J. (2015). Effects of Particle Shape on Mechanical Properties of Aggregates. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 1-12.
Berenjian, A., & Whittleston, G. (2017). History and Manufacturing of Glass. American Journal of Materials Science, 7(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.materials.20170701.03
Braga, A. M., Silvestre, J. D., & de Brito, J. (2017). Compared Environmental and Economic Impact from Cradle to Gate of Concrete with Natural and Recycled Coarse Aggregates. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, 529–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.057
Castro, S. De, & Brito, J. De. (2013). Evaluation of the Durability of Concrete Made with Crushed Glass Aggregates. Journal of Cleaner Production, 41, 7–14.
Hawley, J. D. (2005). Density Testing of Glass Paperweights. Appleton, WI.
IS 383. (1997). Indian Standard: Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards.
Kepler International. (2010). Glass Beads. Retrieved from http://www.kepler.co.th/index.php?lay=show&ac=cat_show_pro_detail&pid=12320
Lee, J. S., Yoo, H. M., Park, S. W., Cho, S. J., & Seo, Y. C. (2015). Recycling of Cathode Ray Tube Panel Glasses as Aggregates of Concrete Blocks and Clay Bricks. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-015-0350-6
Li, J., Guo, M., Qiang, X., & Poon, C. S. (2017). Recycling of Incinerated Sewage Sludge Ash and Cathode Ray Tube Funnel Glass in Cement Mortars. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.116
Ling, T.-C., Poon, C. S., Lam, W. S., Chan, T. P., & Fung, K. K. L. (2012). Utilization of Recycled Cathode Ray Tubes Glass in Cement Mortar for X-Ray Radiation-Shielding Applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 199–200, 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.019
Ling, T. C., & Poon, C. S. (2012). A Comparative Study on The Feasible Use of Recycled Beverage and CRT Funnel Glass as Fine Aggregate in Cement Mortar. Journal of Cleaner Production, 29–30, 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.018
Miskovsky, K., Duarte, M. T., Kou, S. Q., & Lindqvist, P. (2004). Influence of the Mineralogical Composition and Textural Properties on the Quality of Coarse Aggregates. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 13(4), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1361/10599490418334
Molugaram, K., Shanker, J. S., & Ramesh, A. (2014). A Study on Influence of Shape of Aggregate on Strength and Quality of Concrete for Buildings and Pavements. Advanced Materials Research, 941–944, 776–779. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.941-944.776
Moncrieff, D. S. (1953). The Effect of Grading and Shape on the Bulk Density of Concrete Aggregates. Magazine of Concrete Research, 5(14), 67–70. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1953.5.14.67
Pawar, C., Sharma, P., & Titiksh, A. (2016). Gradation of Aggregates and its Effects on Properties of Concrete. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 3(2), 581–584. Retrieved from www.ijtrd.com
Puthussery, J. V, Kumar, R., & Garg, A. (2016). Evaluation of Recycled Concrete Aggregates for Their Suitability in Construction Activities: An experimental study. Waste Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.008
Rashad, A. M. (2015). Recycled Cathode Ray Tube and Liquid Crystal Display Glass as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Cementitious Materials. Construction and Building Materials, 93, 1236–1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.004
Rocchetti, L., & Beolchini, F. (2014). Environmental Burdens in the Management of end-of-life Cathode Ray Tubes. Waste Management, 34(2), 468–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.031
Shaw Environmental, I. (Shaw). (2013). An Analysis of the Demand for CRT Glass Processing in the US. United States.
Singh, N., Li, J., & Zeng, X. (2016). Solutions and Challenges in Recycling Waste Cathode-Ray Tubes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.132
Singh, N., Wang, J., & Li, J. (2016). Waste Cathode Rays Tube: An Assessment of Global Demand for Processing. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 31, 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.050
Sua-Iam, G., & Makul, N. (2012). Use of Limestone Powder to Improve the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Produced Using Cathode Ray Tube Waste as Fine Aggregate. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 193–194, 472–476. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.193-194.472
United Nations University (UNU). (2013). StEP Launches Interactive World E-Waste Map. Retrieved from http://unu.edu/media-relations/releases/step-launches-interactive- world-e-waste-map.html#info
Veer, F. A., Louter, P. C., & Bos, F. P. (2009). The Strength of Annealed, Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Float Glass. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 32(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.2008.01308.x
Wang, J., Guo, S., Dai, Q., Si, R., & Ma, Y. (2019). Evaluation of cathode ray tube (CRT) glass Concrete With/Without Surface Treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 226(April), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.300
Yao, Z., Xie, Z., & Tang, J. (2016). A Typical e-waste -Cathode Ray Tube Glass: Alkaline Leaching in the Sulfur-Containing Medium. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 31, 880–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.104
Yoshida, A., Terazono, A., Ballesteros, F. C., Nguyen, D., Sukandar, S., Kojima, M., & Sakata, S. (2016). Resources, Conservation and Recycling E-waste recycling processes in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam: A case study of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors. “Resources, Conservation & Recycling,” 106, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.020
Yu, M., & Liu, L. (2016). An Overall Solution to Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Glass Recycling. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 31, 887–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.106
Zhao, H., & Poon, C. S. (2017). A Comparative Study on the Properties of the Mortar with the Cathode Ray Tube Funnel Glass Sand at Different Treatment Methods. Construction and Building Materials, 148, 900–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.019
Zhao, H., Poon, C. S., & Ling, T. C. (2013). Utilizing Recycled Cathode Ray Tube Funnel Glass Sand as River Sand Replacement in the High-Density Concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 51, 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.025
Afeni, T. B., & Ayiti, T. S. (2018). Evaluation of Granite Rock Properties on Qualities of Aggregates Produced at Stoneworks Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 84–106.
Afolabi, A., Johnson, O. T., & Abdulkareem, A. S. (2012). The effect of Raw Materials and Production Conditions on Glass Quality. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, 3, 1–3.
Balcar, G. P. (1997). Glass Beads Having Improved Fracture Toughness. United States. 62-66.
Benediktsson, S., & Wigum, B. J. (2015). Effects of Particle Shape on Mechanical Properties of Aggregates. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 1-12.
Berenjian, A., & Whittleston, G. (2017). History and Manufacturing of Glass. American Journal of Materials Science, 7(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.materials.20170701.03
Braga, A. M., Silvestre, J. D., & de Brito, J. (2017). Compared Environmental and Economic Impact from Cradle to Gate of Concrete with Natural and Recycled Coarse Aggregates. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, 529–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.057
Castro, S. De, & Brito, J. De. (2013). Evaluation of the Durability of Concrete Made with Crushed Glass Aggregates. Journal of Cleaner Production, 41, 7–14.
Hawley, J. D. (2005). Density Testing of Glass Paperweights. Appleton, WI.
IS 383. (1997). Indian Standard: Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards.
Kepler International. (2010). Glass Beads. Retrieved from http://www.kepler.co.th/index.php?lay=show&ac=cat_show_pro_detail&pid=12320
Lee, J. S., Yoo, H. M., Park, S. W., Cho, S. J., & Seo, Y. C. (2015). Recycling of Cathode Ray Tube Panel Glasses as Aggregates of Concrete Blocks and Clay Bricks. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-015-0350-6
Li, J., Guo, M., Qiang, X., & Poon, C. S. (2017). Recycling of Incinerated Sewage Sludge Ash and Cathode Ray Tube Funnel Glass in Cement Mortars. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.116
Ling, T.-C., Poon, C. S., Lam, W. S., Chan, T. P., & Fung, K. K. L. (2012). Utilization of Recycled Cathode Ray Tubes Glass in Cement Mortar for X-Ray Radiation-Shielding Applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 199–200, 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.019
Ling, T. C., & Poon, C. S. (2012). A Comparative Study on The Feasible Use of Recycled Beverage and CRT Funnel Glass as Fine Aggregate in Cement Mortar. Journal of Cleaner Production, 29–30, 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.018
Miskovsky, K., Duarte, M. T., Kou, S. Q., & Lindqvist, P. (2004). Influence of the Mineralogical Composition and Textural Properties on the Quality of Coarse Aggregates. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 13(4), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1361/10599490418334
Molugaram, K., Shanker, J. S., & Ramesh, A. (2014). A Study on Influence of Shape of Aggregate on Strength and Quality of Concrete for Buildings and Pavements. Advanced Materials Research, 941–944, 776–779. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.941-944.776
Moncrieff, D. S. (1953). The Effect of Grading and Shape on the Bulk Density of Concrete Aggregates. Magazine of Concrete Research, 5(14), 67–70. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1953.5.14.67
Pawar, C., Sharma, P., & Titiksh, A. (2016). Gradation of Aggregates and its Effects on Properties of Concrete. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 3(2), 581–584. Retrieved from www.ijtrd.com
Puthussery, J. V, Kumar, R., & Garg, A. (2016). Evaluation of Recycled Concrete Aggregates for Their Suitability in Construction Activities: An experimental study. Waste Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.008
Rashad, A. M. (2015). Recycled Cathode Ray Tube and Liquid Crystal Display Glass as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Cementitious Materials. Construction and Building Materials, 93, 1236–1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.004
Rocchetti, L., & Beolchini, F. (2014). Environmental Burdens in the Management of end-of-life Cathode Ray Tubes. Waste Management, 34(2), 468–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.031
Shaw Environmental, I. (Shaw). (2013). An Analysis of the Demand for CRT Glass Processing in the US. United States.
Singh, N., Li, J., & Zeng, X. (2016). Solutions and Challenges in Recycling Waste Cathode-Ray Tubes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.132
Singh, N., Wang, J., & Li, J. (2016). Waste Cathode Rays Tube: An Assessment of Global Demand for Processing. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 31, 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.050
Sua-Iam, G., & Makul, N. (2012). Use of Limestone Powder to Improve the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Produced Using Cathode Ray Tube Waste as Fine Aggregate. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 193–194, 472–476. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.193-194.472
United Nations University (UNU). (2013). StEP Launches Interactive World E-Waste Map. Retrieved from http://unu.edu/media-relations/releases/step-launches-interactive- world-e-waste-map.html#info
Veer, F. A., Louter, P. C., & Bos, F. P. (2009). The Strength of Annealed, Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Float Glass. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 32(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.2008.01308.x
Wang, J., Guo, S., Dai, Q., Si, R., & Ma, Y. (2019). Evaluation of cathode ray tube (CRT) glass Concrete With/Without Surface Treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 226(April), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.300
Yao, Z., Xie, Z., & Tang, J. (2016). A Typical e-waste -Cathode Ray Tube Glass: Alkaline Leaching in the Sulfur-Containing Medium. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 31, 880–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.104
Yoshida, A., Terazono, A., Ballesteros, F. C., Nguyen, D., Sukandar, S., Kojima, M., & Sakata, S. (2016). Resources, Conservation and Recycling E-waste recycling processes in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam: A case study of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors. “Resources, Conservation & Recycling,” 106, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.020
Yu, M., & Liu, L. (2016). An Overall Solution to Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Glass Recycling. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 31, 887–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.106
Zhao, H., & Poon, C. S. (2017). A Comparative Study on the Properties of the Mortar with the Cathode Ray Tube Funnel Glass Sand at Different Treatment Methods. Construction and Building Materials, 148, 900–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.019
Zhao, H., Poon, C. S., & Ling, T. C. (2013). Utilizing Recycled Cathode Ray Tube Funnel Glass Sand as River Sand Replacement in the High-Density Concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 51, 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.025
Published
2020-09-30
How to Cite
MOHD PAUZI, Nurul Noraziemah; ZAINAL ABIDIN, Azri; MOHD ZAIN, Muhammad Fauzi.
Characterization of Spherical Waste CRT Glass as Aggregates in Concrete.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering Innovation, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 3, p. 1-11, sep. 2020.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijarei/article/view/10820>. Date accessed: 20 sep. 2024.
Section
Articles
