Groundnut Shell Ash and Fly Ash Ternary Blended Cement in Making Plaster for Sustainable Construction
Abstract
The need to counter the over depletion of scarce resources, bring down the cost of materials and reducing environmental pollution has necessitated research into utilisation of many waste materials that can replace cement as a binder in plaster and concrete mixes. This study looks into the possibility of utilizing combined groundnut shell ash (GSA) and fly ash (FA), partly replacing cement in making plaster. To achieve this study, physical properties of GSA, FA and sand were tested following standard procedures of BS EN 197, BS EN 450-1, and BS EN 12620:2013 respectively. Thereafter, cement: sand plaster (1:3) is made with cement partially replaced with GSA and FA at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% in equal proportions. The plaster is tested for initial and final setting times and then compressive strength after 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. The specific gravities obtained were 2.54, 2.24, and 2.56 for GSA, FA and sand respectively, while their bulk densities were 840kg/m3, 1240kg/m,3 and 1510kg/m3 for GSA, FA, and Sand respectively. The initial and final setting times increased with the increase in percentage replacement of cement with the two ashes i.e. initial setting from 121 – 162 minutes and final setting from 228 – 296 minutes at 10% and 40% replacements. The compressive strength was reduced with an increase in ash proportions, i.e. 27.84 - 20.8mpa at 28 days but this strength was way above the minimum strength requirement for plastering masonry walls and also a great improvement from studies that had used GSA only whose strength was as low as 7.5Mpa. The results in this study provide a success story in using agricultural wastes by using FA to improve their properties hence enabling the replacement of expensive non-sustainable cement.
References
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Chen, C., Habert, G., Bouzidi, Y., & Jullien, A. (2010). Environmental impact of cement production: detail of the different processes and cement plant variability evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(5), 478-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.12.014
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Malhotra, V. M., & Mehta, P. K. (2002). High-performance, high-volume fly ash concrete: materials, mixture proportioning, properties, construction practice, and case histories. Supplementary Cementing Materials for Sustainable Development, Incorporated. ISBN 0-9731507-0-X; TRN: 000600211.
Islam, M. M., & Islam, M. S. (2010). Strength behaviour of mortar using fly ash as partial replacement of cement. Concrete Research Letters, 1(3), 98-106.
Deotale, R. S., Sathawane, S. H., & Narde, A. R. (2012). Effect of partial replacement of cement by fly ash, rice husk ash with using steel fiber in concrete. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3(6), 1-8.
Pujari and Ponnala, R. (2016). Partial replacement of cement with fly ash and it's compressive strength, international journal of research in advanced engineering technologies, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 223-228.
Li, G., & Wu, X. (2005). Influence of fly ash and its mean particle size on certain engineering properties of cement composite mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1128-1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.08.014
Sata, V., Jaturapitakkul, C., & Kiattikomol, K. (2007). Influence of pozzolan from various by-product materials on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 21(7), 1589-1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.09.011
Christy, C. F., & Tensing, D. (2010). Effect of Class-F fly ash as partial replacement with cement and fine aggregate in mortar. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/8614
Goud, V., Soni, N., Varma, G., Kushwah, K., Chaurasia, S., & Sharma, V. (2016). Partial replacement of cement with fly ash in concrete and its effect. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 6(10), 69-75
Shubham, P. vishal, J. Utsav, N. Shivam and N. Ashish. (2017). A review on cow dung ash as partial replacement of binder in cement mortar. International Journal for Science Research & Development, p. 14671470.
Givi, A. N., Rashid, S. A., Aziz, F. N. A., & Salleh, M. A. M. (2010). Contribution of rice husk ash to the properties of mortar and concrete: a review. Journal of American science, 6(3), 157-165.
Asman, N. S. A., Dullah, S., Ayog, J. L., Amaludin, A., Amaludin, H., Lim, C. H., & Baharum, A. (2017). Mechanical properties of concrete using eggshell ash and rice husk ash as partial replacement of cement. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 103, p. 01002). EDP Sciences.
Krishnan, C. N., & Nizar, N. M. (2016). Groundnut shell ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. IJRDO-J Mech Civ Eng, 2(2), 39-47.
Nakoo Y. (1999), “Rice: Post Harvest Technology”, ACE Corporation, Tokyo, pp. 431.
United Nations Development Program, 2015. Switch Africa Green: Promoting inclusive and sustainable development. [Online]. Available: http://www.go.undp.org.
British Standards Institute, "BS EN 12620:2013 Aggregates for mortar," available online at bsonlinetechindex.co.uk.
British Standards Institution, BS EN 196-6:1992. “Methods of Testing Cement; Determination of Fineness,”
British Standards Institute, "BS 450: Part 1- Specification of pulverised fly ash to be used in projects where strength and durability is fundamentally important," available online at bsonlinetechindex.co.uk, 1995.
British Standards Institution, "BS EN 1008:2002 Mixing water for concrete-specification for sampling, Testing and," Technical Information Services Department, CNL. BSI 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.
British Standards Institute, "tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates- part 3: Determination of loose bulk density and voids," BSI, London, 1998.
British Standard Institusuion, Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates-Determination of Particle Size Distribution (Sieving Method). British Standard Institution, London, UK (BS EN 933-1: 1997).
British Standard Institution, BS EN 1097-7:2008. Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates: Determination of the particle density of filler. Pytrometer method.
British Standard Institution, BS EN 196-3:2005. Methods of testing cement. Part 3: Determination of setting times and soundness. British Standard Institution, London.
ASTM, "ASTM C109: 2016. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or 50mm cube specimens)," ASTM International, West Conshohocken.
British Standards Institution. BS EN 450-1:2005+ A1:2007 Fly ash for concrete. London: BSI; 2005.
British Standards Institute, "BS EN 12620:2013 Aggregates for mortar," available online at bsonlinetechindex.co.uk.
ASTM C33-08:2010. Standard specification for concrete aggregates. Easton (MD): American Society for Testing and Materials.
Oyejobi, D. O., Abdulkadir, T. S. and Ahmed, A. T. (2016). A Study of Partial Replacement of Cement with Palm Oil Fuel Ash in Concrete Production. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 12(4):619-631.
Orlando, K. and Salome, T. F. Study on the Combined Strength Characteristics of Groundnut and Ripe Plantain ash as Cementitious Replacement to Cement. International Journal of Engineering Research and Management, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 10-13, August 2017.
Neville, A. (2011). Properties of concrete, 5th ed., Harlow: Pearson.
British European Standards, BS EN 197-1, 2011. Cement-Part 1: Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements (BS EN 197-1). British European Standards Specifications.
El-Dakroury, A., & Gasser, M. S. (2008). Rice husk ash (RHA) as cement admixture for immobilization of liquid radioactive waste at different temperatures. Journal of nuclear materials, 381(3), 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.08.026
Ketebu, O., & Farrow, S. T. (2017). Study on the Combined Strength Characteristics of Groundnut and Ripe Plantain ash as Cementitious Replacement to Cement. International Journal of Engineering Research and Management (IJERM) ISSN: 2349- 2058, Volume-04, Issue-08.
Younes, M. M., Abdel-Rahman, H. A., & Khattab, M. M. (2018). Utilization of rice husk ash and waste glass in the production of ternary blended cement mortar composites. Journal of Building Engineering, 20, 42-50.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.07.001
Ramjan, S., Tangchirapat, W. & Jaturapitakkul, C. Effects of Binary and Ternary Blended Cements Made from Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Rice Husk Ash on Alkali–Silica Reaction of Mortar. Arab J Sci Eng 43, 1941–1954 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2843-1
Datok, E., Ishaya, A., Bulus, A., & Amos, N. (2018). An Investigation of the Behaviour of Binary and Ternary Blends Of Binding Materials In Concrete. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000030
Chindaprasirt, P., Buapa, N., & Cao, H. T. (2005). Mixed cement containing fly ash for masonry and plastering work. Construction and Building Materials, 19(8), 612-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.009
Zaman, S., & Chetia, N. (2018). A Comparative Study on Performance of Concrete using Conventional and Nonconventional Additives.
Wiggins, B., & Siddiqi, K. (2005). Cement/Fly Ash/Metakaolin Ternary Blends: Effects on Compressive Strengths of Mortars.
Al-Obaidey, S. J. (2020, March). The effect of using fly ash on some gypsum plaster properties. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2213, No. 1, p. 020025). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000030
Mahmoud, H., Belel, Z. A., & Nwakaire, C. (2012). Groundnut shell ash as a partial replacement of cement in sandcrete blocks production. International Journal of Development and sustainability, 1(3), 1026-1032.
Ibrahiem, E. S. M., & Ahmadai, M. A. (2018, December). Pozzolanicity Assessment of Sudanese Groundnut Shell Ash. In Conference Proceedings Civil Engineering 2018.
Ramjan, S., Tangchirapat, W., & Jaturapitakkul, C. (2018). Effects of Binary and Ternary Blended Cements Made from Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Rice Husk Ash on Alkali–Silica Reaction of Mortar. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43(4), 1941-1954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2843-1
Usman, J., Yahaya, N., & Mazizah, E. M. (2019, August). Influence of groundnut shell ash on the properties of cement pastes. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 601, No. 1, p. 012015). IOP Publishing. https://doi:10.1088/1757-899X/601/1/012015
Dylewski, R. and Adamczyk, J. (2014). The comparison of thermal insulation types of plaster with cement plaster. Journal of cleaner production, 83, pp.256-262, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.07.042
Van Oss, H.G. and Padovani, A.C. (2002). Cement manufacture and the environment: part I: chemistry and technology. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 6(1), pp.89-105, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650
Huntzinger, D. N., & Eatmon, T. D. (2009). A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(7), 668-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.007
Chen, C., Habert, G., Bouzidi, Y., & Jullien, A. (2010). Environmental impact of cement production: detail of the different processes and cement plant variability evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(5), 478-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.12.014
Ashutosh. (2013). "schneider electric," [Online]. Available: http://blog.schneider-electric.com. [Accessed 12 november 2019
Malhotra, V. M., & Mehta, P. K. (2002). High-performance, high-volume fly ash concrete: materials, mixture proportioning, properties, construction practice, and case histories. Supplementary Cementing Materials for Sustainable Development, Incorporated. ISBN 0-9731507-0-X; TRN: 000600211.
Islam, M. M., & Islam, M. S. (2010). Strength behaviour of mortar using fly ash as partial replacement of cement. Concrete Research Letters, 1(3), 98-106.
Deotale, R. S., Sathawane, S. H., & Narde, A. R. (2012). Effect of partial replacement of cement by fly ash, rice husk ash with using steel fiber in concrete. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3(6), 1-8.
Pujari and Ponnala, R. (2016). Partial replacement of cement with fly ash and it's compressive strength, international journal of research in advanced engineering technologies, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 223-228.
Li, G., & Wu, X. (2005). Influence of fly ash and its mean particle size on certain engineering properties of cement composite mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1128-1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.08.014
Sata, V., Jaturapitakkul, C., & Kiattikomol, K. (2007). Influence of pozzolan from various by-product materials on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 21(7), 1589-1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.09.011
Christy, C. F., & Tensing, D. (2010). Effect of Class-F fly ash as partial replacement with cement and fine aggregate in mortar. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/8614
Goud, V., Soni, N., Varma, G., Kushwah, K., Chaurasia, S., & Sharma, V. (2016). Partial replacement of cement with fly ash in concrete and its effect. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 6(10), 69-75
Shubham, P. vishal, J. Utsav, N. Shivam and N. Ashish. (2017). A review on cow dung ash as partial replacement of binder in cement mortar. International Journal for Science Research & Development, p. 14671470.
Givi, A. N., Rashid, S. A., Aziz, F. N. A., & Salleh, M. A. M. (2010). Contribution of rice husk ash to the properties of mortar and concrete: a review. Journal of American science, 6(3), 157-165.
Asman, N. S. A., Dullah, S., Ayog, J. L., Amaludin, A., Amaludin, H., Lim, C. H., & Baharum, A. (2017). Mechanical properties of concrete using eggshell ash and rice husk ash as partial replacement of cement. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 103, p. 01002). EDP Sciences.
Krishnan, C. N., & Nizar, N. M. (2016). Groundnut shell ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. IJRDO-J Mech Civ Eng, 2(2), 39-47.
Nakoo Y. (1999), “Rice: Post Harvest Technology”, ACE Corporation, Tokyo, pp. 431.
United Nations Development Program, 2015. Switch Africa Green: Promoting inclusive and sustainable development. [Online]. Available: http://www.go.undp.org.
British Standards Institute, "BS EN 12620:2013 Aggregates for mortar," available online at bsonlinetechindex.co.uk.
British Standards Institution, BS EN 196-6:1992. “Methods of Testing Cement; Determination of Fineness,”
British Standards Institute, "BS 450: Part 1- Specification of pulverised fly ash to be used in projects where strength and durability is fundamentally important," available online at bsonlinetechindex.co.uk, 1995.
British Standards Institution, "BS EN 1008:2002 Mixing water for concrete-specification for sampling, Testing and," Technical Information Services Department, CNL. BSI 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL.
British Standards Institute, "tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates- part 3: Determination of loose bulk density and voids," BSI, London, 1998.
British Standard Institusuion, Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates-Determination of Particle Size Distribution (Sieving Method). British Standard Institution, London, UK (BS EN 933-1: 1997).
British Standard Institution, BS EN 1097-7:2008. Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates: Determination of the particle density of filler. Pytrometer method.
British Standard Institution, BS EN 196-3:2005. Methods of testing cement. Part 3: Determination of setting times and soundness. British Standard Institution, London.
ASTM, "ASTM C109: 2016. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or 50mm cube specimens)," ASTM International, West Conshohocken.
British Standards Institution. BS EN 450-1:2005+ A1:2007 Fly ash for concrete. London: BSI; 2005.
British Standards Institute, "BS EN 12620:2013 Aggregates for mortar," available online at bsonlinetechindex.co.uk.
ASTM C33-08:2010. Standard specification for concrete aggregates. Easton (MD): American Society for Testing and Materials.
Oyejobi, D. O., Abdulkadir, T. S. and Ahmed, A. T. (2016). A Study of Partial Replacement of Cement with Palm Oil Fuel Ash in Concrete Production. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 12(4):619-631.
Orlando, K. and Salome, T. F. Study on the Combined Strength Characteristics of Groundnut and Ripe Plantain ash as Cementitious Replacement to Cement. International Journal of Engineering Research and Management, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 10-13, August 2017.
Neville, A. (2011). Properties of concrete, 5th ed., Harlow: Pearson.
British European Standards, BS EN 197-1, 2011. Cement-Part 1: Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements (BS EN 197-1). British European Standards Specifications.
El-Dakroury, A., & Gasser, M. S. (2008). Rice husk ash (RHA) as cement admixture for immobilization of liquid radioactive waste at different temperatures. Journal of nuclear materials, 381(3), 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.08.026
Ketebu, O., & Farrow, S. T. (2017). Study on the Combined Strength Characteristics of Groundnut and Ripe Plantain ash as Cementitious Replacement to Cement. International Journal of Engineering Research and Management (IJERM) ISSN: 2349- 2058, Volume-04, Issue-08.
Younes, M. M., Abdel-Rahman, H. A., & Khattab, M. M. (2018). Utilization of rice husk ash and waste glass in the production of ternary blended cement mortar composites. Journal of Building Engineering, 20, 42-50.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.07.001
Ramjan, S., Tangchirapat, W. & Jaturapitakkul, C. Effects of Binary and Ternary Blended Cements Made from Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Rice Husk Ash on Alkali–Silica Reaction of Mortar. Arab J Sci Eng 43, 1941–1954 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2843-1
Datok, E., Ishaya, A., Bulus, A., & Amos, N. (2018). An Investigation of the Behaviour of Binary and Ternary Blends Of Binding Materials In Concrete. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000030
Chindaprasirt, P., Buapa, N., & Cao, H. T. (2005). Mixed cement containing fly ash for masonry and plastering work. Construction and Building Materials, 19(8), 612-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.009
Zaman, S., & Chetia, N. (2018). A Comparative Study on Performance of Concrete using Conventional and Nonconventional Additives.
Wiggins, B., & Siddiqi, K. (2005). Cement/Fly Ash/Metakaolin Ternary Blends: Effects on Compressive Strengths of Mortars.
Al-Obaidey, S. J. (2020, March). The effect of using fly ash on some gypsum plaster properties. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2213, No. 1, p. 020025). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000030
Mahmoud, H., Belel, Z. A., & Nwakaire, C. (2012). Groundnut shell ash as a partial replacement of cement in sandcrete blocks production. International Journal of Development and sustainability, 1(3), 1026-1032.
Ibrahiem, E. S. M., & Ahmadai, M. A. (2018, December). Pozzolanicity Assessment of Sudanese Groundnut Shell Ash. In Conference Proceedings Civil Engineering 2018.
Ramjan, S., Tangchirapat, W., & Jaturapitakkul, C. (2018). Effects of Binary and Ternary Blended Cements Made from Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Rice Husk Ash on Alkali–Silica Reaction of Mortar. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43(4), 1941-1954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2843-1
Usman, J., Yahaya, N., & Mazizah, E. M. (2019, August). Influence of groundnut shell ash on the properties of cement pastes. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 601, No. 1, p. 012015). IOP Publishing. https://doi:10.1088/1757-899X/601/1/012015
Published
2020-10-31
How to Cite
ANOMUGISHA, Safiki; NICHOLAS, Abitegeka.
Groundnut Shell Ash and Fly Ash Ternary Blended Cement in Making Plaster for Sustainable Construction.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering Innovation, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 3, p. 44-57, oct. 2020.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijarei/article/view/10644>. Date accessed: 20 sep. 2024.
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