Factors that Influence the Performance of Small Enterprises After Movement Control Order (MCO) in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Abstract
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)s are highly significant to most economies, especially in emerging nations. Opening a business might be challenging for entrepreneurs, especially in maintaining the company's performance to prevent the industry from termination. Various factors can contribute to the decline in performance and eventual business closure. The most challenging factor is the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted many sectors in Malaysia. The business sector is included in experiencing changes due to the restrictions set by the government in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. A movement control order (MCO) has been implemented to reduce the impact of mortality during Covid-19. This study aims to determine the factors influencing the performance of small enterprises after MCO. With a sample size of 381 enterprises from various sectors composed of manufacturing, services, agriculture, mining and quarrying in Negeri Sembilan, the questionnaires for this study were distributed physically and digitally to respondents. The findings reveal a positive association between access to financing, supply chain, and social networking and the performance of small enterprises after the MCO in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Studies indicate that COVID-19 significantly negatively impacts financial stability, operations, the economy, and access to financing. According to the study, outside funding assistance has been more crucial to SMEs' ability to persevere and thrive through technological innovation than their actual output. SMEs, governments, and legislators must understand the consequences of the study's findings.
References
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Ayokunmi, L. A., Seman, N. A. A., & Rashid, U. K. (2022). The relationship between social media marketing and SMEs performance in Nigeria: A systemic literature review. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 8665–8673-8665–8673.
Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 117(30), 17656-17666.
Batumalai, J., & Sahid, S. (2022). The Effects of Social Media Usage on Small Enterprise Performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(2), 57-70.
Beamish, P. W., & Chakravarty, D. (2021). Using the resource-based view in multinational enterprise research. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1861-1877.
Bekele, E., & Worku, Z. (2008). Factors that affect the long‐term survival of micro, small and medium enterprises in Ethiopia. South African journal of economics, 76(3), 548-568.
Borah, P. S., Iqbal, S., & Akhtar, S. (2022). Linking social media usage and SME's sustainable performance: The role of digital leadership and innovation capabilities. Technology in Society, 68, 101900.
Buffington, C., Dennis, C., Dinlersoz, E., Foster, L., & Klimek, S. (2020). Measuring the Effect of COVID-19 on U.S. Small Businesses: The Small Business Pulse Survey. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cen:wpaper:20-16
Chileshe, M. J., & Phiri, J. (2022). The impact of supply chain management practices on performance of small and medium enterprises in developing countries: a case of agro-dealers in Zambia. Open Journal of Business and Management, 10(2), 591-605.
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Du, L., Razzaq, A., & Waqas, M. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 on small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): empirical evidence for green economic implications. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 1540-1561.
Emmanuel, B., Zhao, S., Egala, S. B., Mammet, Y., & Godson, K. (2022). Social Media and Its Connection to Business Performance—A Literature Review. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 12(5), 877-893.
Enesi, O. E., & Ibrahim, U. A. (2021). Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of small and medium business enterprises in Abuja-FCT, Nigeria. Open Journal of Business and Management, 9(5), 2261-2276.
Fabbe-Costes, N., & Lechaptois, L. (2022). Automotive supply chain digitalization: lessons and perspectives. In The Digital Supply Chain (pp. 289-308). Elsevier.
Fabeil, N. F., Pazim, K. H., & Langgat, J. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic crisis on micro-enterprises: Entrepreneurs’ perspective on business continuity and recovery strategy. Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2).
Fang, G. G., Qalati, S. A., Ostic, D., Shah, S. M. M., & Mirani, M. A. (2022). Effects of entrepreneurial orientation, social media, and innovation capabilities on SME performance in emerging countries: A mediated–moderated model. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 34(11), 1326-1338.
Farique, M. A. M., & Fauzi, M. A. M. (2021). Implikasi Pandemik COVID-19 terhadap Ekonomi Global dan Ekonomi Malaysia: Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Economy and Malaysian Economy. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Strategic Studies, 2(2), 122-129.
Ferejo, M. N., Ahmed, H. M., Muzeyin, J. R., Amde, S. J., Thomran, M., & Mamuye, F. (2022). Exploring factors affecting growth of micro and small enterprises: Evidence from Ethiopia. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 17(5), 1523-1533.
Ghosh, S. (2016). Small business, lending relationships and crisis: evidence from Indian micro data. Decision, 43, 1-15.
Harel, R., Schwartz, D., & Kaufmann, D. (2021). The relationship between innovation promotion processes and small business success: the role of managers’ dominance. Review of Managerial Science, 15, 1937-1960.
Harvie, C., & Lee, B.-C. (2002). East Asian SMEs: Contemporary Issues and Developments-An Overview. The role of SMEs in national economies in East Asia, 1-20.
Hesterly, W., & Barney, J. (2014). Strategic management and competitive advantage. Pearson/Education.
Hussain, A., Akbar, M., Shahzad, A., Poulova, P., Akbar, A., & Hassan, R. (2022). E-commerce and SME performance: The moderating influence of entrepreneurial competencies. Administrative Sciences, 12(1), 13.
Ibrahim, M. A., & Shariff, M. N. M. (2016). Mediating role of access to finance on the relationship between strategic orientation attributes and SMEs performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Society, 17(3).
Ikram, I. (2021, July, 28). Malaysian SMEs’ GDP shrank 7.3% in 2020, more than overall economy’s contraction of 5.6%. The Edge Malaysia.
Jun, J., Lee, T., & Park, C. (2021). The mediating role of innovativeness and the moderating effects of strategic choice on SME performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 59(4), 627-647.
Kakapour, S., Morgan, T., Parsinejad, S., & Wieland, A. (2016). Antecedents of corporate entrepreneurship in Iran: the role of strategic orientation and opportunity recognition. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 28(3), 251-266.
Kodrat, K. F., Sinulingga, S., Napitupulu, H., & Hadiguna, R. A. (2019). Analysis of the Effect of Supply Chain on Small and Medium Enterprises Performance in Medan (Case study on Leather Shoes SMEs). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 505(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/505/1/012024
Lestari, D., Siti, M., Wardhani, W., & Yudaruddin, R. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on performance of small enterprises that are e-commerce adopters and non-adopters. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(3), 467.
Lin, D.-Y., Rayavarapu, S. N., Tadjeddine, K., & Yeoh, R. (2022). Beyond financials: Helping small and medium-size enterprises thrive. Public & Social Sector Practice, 7.
Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. (2006). SME internationalization and performance: Growth vs. profitability. Journal of international entrepreneurship, 4, 27-48.
Macharia, G. S. (2021). Entrepreneurial Determinants of Performance of Coffee-Based Micro and Small Agribusinesses of the Coffee Small Holders in Murang’a County JKUAT-COHRED].
Marte, J. (2020). Small U.S. businesses were already struggling. Then coronavirus hit. Reboot-Live.
Nguyen Trung, H., & Belihu, M. (2010). Increasing the performance of SMEs in supply chains of large enterprises: A SME perspective. In.
Nu'man, A. H., Nurwandi, L., Bachtiar, I., Aspiranti, T., & Pratama, I. (2020). Social Networking, and firm performance: Mediating role of comparative advantage and sustainable supply chain. Int. J Sup. Chain. Mgt Vol, 9(3), 664-673.
OECD. (2021). One year of SME and entrepreneurship policy responses to COVID-19: Lessons learned to “build back better”. https://doi.org/doi:https://doi.org/10.1787/9a230220-en
OECD. (2022). Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2022. https://doi.org/doi:https://doi.org/10.1787/e9073a0f-en
Omar, A. R. C., Ishak, S., & Jusoh, M. A. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 Movement Control Order on SMEs’ businesses and survival strategies. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 16(2), 90-103.
Omoruyi, O., & Makaleng, M. S. M. (2022). SMEs COVID-19 supply chain resilience strategies in South Africa. Journal of Contemporary Management, 19(1), 299-319.
Rashid, S. M. R. A., & Hassan, F. (2020). Amalan dan penglibatan peniaga kecil melalui perniagaan digital semasa Pandemik COVID-19 di Malaysia: Small Business Practice and Involvement Through Digital Business During COVID-19 Pandemics in Malaysia. Geografi, 8(2), 1-20.
Rita, M. R., & Huruta, A. (2020). Financing access and SME performance: A case study from batik SME in Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(12), 203-224.
Salam, S., & Hoque, A. S. M. M. (2019). The role of social media and effect of relationship marketing on SME performance in Bangladesh: Multi-group CFA. Asian People Journal (APJ), 2(1), 12-31.
Sattar, M. F., Khanum, S., Nawaz, A., Ashfaq, M. M., Khan, M. A., Jawad, M., & Ullah, W. (2020). Covid-19 global, pandemic impact on world economy. TECHNiUM Soc. Sci. J., 11, 165.
Skipworth, H., Godsell, J., Wong, C. Y., Saghiri, S., & Julien, D. (2015). Supply chain alignment for improved business performance: an empirical study. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 20(5), 511-533.
Subairu, H. T. (2016). Analysis of Relationship between SME's Employment Growth and Firm Specific Characteristics. Oman Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 34(3416), 1-10.
Tang, J., Zhang, S. X., & Lin, S. (2021). To reopen or not to reopen? How entrepreneurial alertness influences small business reopening after the COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 16, e00275.
Tiwasing, P. (2021). Social media business networks and SME performance: A rural–urban comparative analysis. Growth and Change, 52(3), 1892-1913.
Tran, N., & Pham, B. (2020). The influence of CEO characteristics on corporate environmental performance of SMEs: Evidence from Vietnamese SMEs. Management Science Letters, 10(8), 1671-1682.
Turner, N., Aitken, J., & Bozarth, C. (2018). A framework for understanding managerial responses to supply chain complexity. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 38(6), 1433-1466.
Van Binh, T., Thy, N. G., Vu, P. M., Khoa, H. D., & Thong, N. D. (2022). Association of innovation and entrepreneurial orientation on SME performance: The case of Soc Trang Province Vietnam. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 11(2), 92-102.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource‐based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180.
Wilujeng, S., Sarwoko, E., & Nikmah, F. (2022). Triple-A strategy: For supply chain performance of Indonesian SMEs. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 10(1), 95-100.
Young, E. (2020). COVID-19: Business impact survey - Understanding the now, preparing for the next and beyond. Take 5 for business, 8(7), 11.
Zainuddin, M. T. (2020). Accelerating The Performance Of SME Business In Malaysia During Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis.
Zainuddin, M. T. (2021). Empowering the Survival of SME Business in Challenges Against Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis towards Thriving the Performance. Ulum Islamiyyah, 33(S4), 97-129.
Al Halbusi, H., Alhaidan, H., Abdelfattah, F., Ramayah, T., & Cheah, J.-H. (2022). Exploring social media adoption in small and medium enterprises in Iraq: Pivotal role of social media network capability and customer involvement. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1-18.
Alshahrani, M. A., & Salam, M. A. (2022). The Role of Supply Chain Resilience on SMEs’ Performance: The Case of an Emerging Economy. Logistics, 6(3), 47.
Amadasun, D. O., & Mutezo, A. T. (2022). Influence of access to finance on the competitive growth of SMEs in Lesotho. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 1-20.
Arora, A. K., & Rathi, P. (2019). Determinants for the adoption of digitalization by manufacturing SMEs in India: An empirical study. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 12(8), 7-21.
Ayokunmi, L. A., Seman, N. A. A., & Rashid, U. K. (2022). The relationship between social media marketing and SMEs performance in Nigeria: A systemic literature review. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 8665–8673-8665–8673.
Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 117(30), 17656-17666.
Batumalai, J., & Sahid, S. (2022). The Effects of Social Media Usage on Small Enterprise Performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(2), 57-70.
Beamish, P. W., & Chakravarty, D. (2021). Using the resource-based view in multinational enterprise research. Journal of Management, 47(7), 1861-1877.
Bekele, E., & Worku, Z. (2008). Factors that affect the long‐term survival of micro, small and medium enterprises in Ethiopia. South African journal of economics, 76(3), 548-568.
Borah, P. S., Iqbal, S., & Akhtar, S. (2022). Linking social media usage and SME's sustainable performance: The role of digital leadership and innovation capabilities. Technology in Society, 68, 101900.
Buffington, C., Dennis, C., Dinlersoz, E., Foster, L., & Klimek, S. (2020). Measuring the Effect of COVID-19 on U.S. Small Businesses: The Small Business Pulse Survey. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cen:wpaper:20-16
Chileshe, M. J., & Phiri, J. (2022). The impact of supply chain management practices on performance of small and medium enterprises in developing countries: a case of agro-dealers in Zambia. Open Journal of Business and Management, 10(2), 591-605.
Chin, Y.-W., & Lim, E.-S. (2018). SME policies and performance in Malaysia.
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2021). Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Performance 2020. https://v1.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=159&bul_id=KzdrS25pRTZ1VGFkcTlNY0FEczBYUT09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09#:~:text=PERFORMANCE%20OF%20SMEs%20GDP%202020&text=The%20contribution%20of%20SMEs%20GDP,preceding%20year%20(Chart%202).
Du, L., Razzaq, A., & Waqas, M. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 on small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): empirical evidence for green economic implications. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(1), 1540-1561.
Emmanuel, B., Zhao, S., Egala, S. B., Mammet, Y., & Godson, K. (2022). Social Media and Its Connection to Business Performance—A Literature Review. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 12(5), 877-893.
Enesi, O. E., & Ibrahim, U. A. (2021). Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of small and medium business enterprises in Abuja-FCT, Nigeria. Open Journal of Business and Management, 9(5), 2261-2276.
Fabbe-Costes, N., & Lechaptois, L. (2022). Automotive supply chain digitalization: lessons and perspectives. In The Digital Supply Chain (pp. 289-308). Elsevier.
Fabeil, N. F., Pazim, K. H., & Langgat, J. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic crisis on micro-enterprises: Entrepreneurs’ perspective on business continuity and recovery strategy. Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2).
Fang, G. G., Qalati, S. A., Ostic, D., Shah, S. M. M., & Mirani, M. A. (2022). Effects of entrepreneurial orientation, social media, and innovation capabilities on SME performance in emerging countries: A mediated–moderated model. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 34(11), 1326-1338.
Farique, M. A. M., & Fauzi, M. A. M. (2021). Implikasi Pandemik COVID-19 terhadap Ekonomi Global dan Ekonomi Malaysia: Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Economy and Malaysian Economy. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Strategic Studies, 2(2), 122-129.
Ferejo, M. N., Ahmed, H. M., Muzeyin, J. R., Amde, S. J., Thomran, M., & Mamuye, F. (2022). Exploring factors affecting growth of micro and small enterprises: Evidence from Ethiopia. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 17(5), 1523-1533.
Ghosh, S. (2016). Small business, lending relationships and crisis: evidence from Indian micro data. Decision, 43, 1-15.
Harel, R., Schwartz, D., & Kaufmann, D. (2021). The relationship between innovation promotion processes and small business success: the role of managers’ dominance. Review of Managerial Science, 15, 1937-1960.
Harvie, C., & Lee, B.-C. (2002). East Asian SMEs: Contemporary Issues and Developments-An Overview. The role of SMEs in national economies in East Asia, 1-20.
Hesterly, W., & Barney, J. (2014). Strategic management and competitive advantage. Pearson/Education.
Hussain, A., Akbar, M., Shahzad, A., Poulova, P., Akbar, A., & Hassan, R. (2022). E-commerce and SME performance: The moderating influence of entrepreneurial competencies. Administrative Sciences, 12(1), 13.
Ibrahim, M. A., & Shariff, M. N. M. (2016). Mediating role of access to finance on the relationship between strategic orientation attributes and SMEs performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Society, 17(3).
Ikram, I. (2021, July, 28). Malaysian SMEs’ GDP shrank 7.3% in 2020, more than overall economy’s contraction of 5.6%. The Edge Malaysia.
Jun, J., Lee, T., & Park, C. (2021). The mediating role of innovativeness and the moderating effects of strategic choice on SME performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 59(4), 627-647.
Kakapour, S., Morgan, T., Parsinejad, S., & Wieland, A. (2016). Antecedents of corporate entrepreneurship in Iran: the role of strategic orientation and opportunity recognition. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 28(3), 251-266.
Kodrat, K. F., Sinulingga, S., Napitupulu, H., & Hadiguna, R. A. (2019). Analysis of the Effect of Supply Chain on Small and Medium Enterprises Performance in Medan (Case study on Leather Shoes SMEs). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 505(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/505/1/012024
Lestari, D., Siti, M., Wardhani, W., & Yudaruddin, R. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on performance of small enterprises that are e-commerce adopters and non-adopters. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(3), 467.
Lin, D.-Y., Rayavarapu, S. N., Tadjeddine, K., & Yeoh, R. (2022). Beyond financials: Helping small and medium-size enterprises thrive. Public & Social Sector Practice, 7.
Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. (2006). SME internationalization and performance: Growth vs. profitability. Journal of international entrepreneurship, 4, 27-48.
Macharia, G. S. (2021). Entrepreneurial Determinants of Performance of Coffee-Based Micro and Small Agribusinesses of the Coffee Small Holders in Murang’a County JKUAT-COHRED].
Marte, J. (2020). Small U.S. businesses were already struggling. Then coronavirus hit. Reboot-Live.
Nguyen Trung, H., & Belihu, M. (2010). Increasing the performance of SMEs in supply chains of large enterprises: A SME perspective. In.
Nu'man, A. H., Nurwandi, L., Bachtiar, I., Aspiranti, T., & Pratama, I. (2020). Social Networking, and firm performance: Mediating role of comparative advantage and sustainable supply chain. Int. J Sup. Chain. Mgt Vol, 9(3), 664-673.
OECD. (2021). One year of SME and entrepreneurship policy responses to COVID-19: Lessons learned to “build back better”. https://doi.org/doi:https://doi.org/10.1787/9a230220-en
OECD. (2022). Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2022. https://doi.org/doi:https://doi.org/10.1787/e9073a0f-en
Omar, A. R. C., Ishak, S., & Jusoh, M. A. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 Movement Control Order on SMEs’ businesses and survival strategies. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 16(2), 90-103.
Omoruyi, O., & Makaleng, M. S. M. (2022). SMEs COVID-19 supply chain resilience strategies in South Africa. Journal of Contemporary Management, 19(1), 299-319.
Rashid, S. M. R. A., & Hassan, F. (2020). Amalan dan penglibatan peniaga kecil melalui perniagaan digital semasa Pandemik COVID-19 di Malaysia: Small Business Practice and Involvement Through Digital Business During COVID-19 Pandemics in Malaysia. Geografi, 8(2), 1-20.
Rita, M. R., & Huruta, A. (2020). Financing access and SME performance: A case study from batik SME in Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(12), 203-224.
Salam, S., & Hoque, A. S. M. M. (2019). The role of social media and effect of relationship marketing on SME performance in Bangladesh: Multi-group CFA. Asian People Journal (APJ), 2(1), 12-31.
Sattar, M. F., Khanum, S., Nawaz, A., Ashfaq, M. M., Khan, M. A., Jawad, M., & Ullah, W. (2020). Covid-19 global, pandemic impact on world economy. TECHNiUM Soc. Sci. J., 11, 165.
Skipworth, H., Godsell, J., Wong, C. Y., Saghiri, S., & Julien, D. (2015). Supply chain alignment for improved business performance: an empirical study. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 20(5), 511-533.
Subairu, H. T. (2016). Analysis of Relationship between SME's Employment Growth and Firm Specific Characteristics. Oman Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 34(3416), 1-10.
Tang, J., Zhang, S. X., & Lin, S. (2021). To reopen or not to reopen? How entrepreneurial alertness influences small business reopening after the COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 16, e00275.
Tiwasing, P. (2021). Social media business networks and SME performance: A rural–urban comparative analysis. Growth and Change, 52(3), 1892-1913.
Tran, N., & Pham, B. (2020). The influence of CEO characteristics on corporate environmental performance of SMEs: Evidence from Vietnamese SMEs. Management Science Letters, 10(8), 1671-1682.
Turner, N., Aitken, J., & Bozarth, C. (2018). A framework for understanding managerial responses to supply chain complexity. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 38(6), 1433-1466.
Van Binh, T., Thy, N. G., Vu, P. M., Khoa, H. D., & Thong, N. D. (2022). Association of innovation and entrepreneurial orientation on SME performance: The case of Soc Trang Province Vietnam. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 11(2), 92-102.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource‐based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180.
Wilujeng, S., Sarwoko, E., & Nikmah, F. (2022). Triple-A strategy: For supply chain performance of Indonesian SMEs. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 10(1), 95-100.
Young, E. (2020). COVID-19: Business impact survey - Understanding the now, preparing for the next and beyond. Take 5 for business, 8(7), 11.
Zainuddin, M. T. (2020). Accelerating The Performance Of SME Business In Malaysia During Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis.
Zainuddin, M. T. (2021). Empowering the Survival of SME Business in Challenges Against Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis towards Thriving the Performance. Ulum Islamiyyah, 33(S4), 97-129.
Published
2024-07-31
How to Cite
WAHID, Eliana Natasha et al.
Factors that Influence the Performance of Small Enterprises After Movement Control Order (MCO) in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Economics and Finance, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 172-187, july 2024.
ISSN 2682-812X.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijaref/article/view/27223>. Date accessed: 13 sep. 2024.
Section
English Section
