Work-Family Conflict, Resilience, And Well-Being of Community Pharmacists: A Conceptual Paper
Abstract
COVID-19 has manifested as a global epidemic, with significant patient presentations for treatment and increased human resource workloads. Pharmacists are front-line healthcare professionals who play a critical role in medication management during the COVID-19 pandemic, and they play a unique function in the healthcare system. Due to staff shortages and increased demand for services both before and after the epidemic, pharmacists' workloads have become unsustainable, putting them under additional stress. Hence, it is expected that many pharmacists would be suffering from the daily unpredictable workload which might worsen their level of employee well-being. Ensuing from this finding, a comprehensive framework concerning the connection between work-family conflict, resilience, and employee well-being is proposed. This paper is a conceptual paper that aims to draw attention to the current change of work nature and the effect of work-family conflict on the resilience and well-being of community pharmacists. The target respondents are community pharmacists located in Greater Kuala Lumpur. Primary data will be collected by distributing questionnaires and subsequently the data will be empirically tested with structural equation modelling by using partial least squares analysis (SEM-PLS). The expected output of this study is a comprehensive theoretical framework for employee well-being that involves the connection between work-family conflict and resilience. This study will contribute significantly to the improvement of community pharmacists' well-being and will prompt the search for organizational intervention strategies to address the issue of pharmacists' well-being.
References
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Jacobs, S., Hassell, K., Ashcroft, D., Johnson, S., & O’Connor, E. (2014). Workplace stress in community pharmacies in England: associations with individual, organizational and job characteristics. Journal of health services research & policy, 19(1), 27-33.
Jeong, H. S., & Choi, S. Y. (2020). The mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between role conflict and burnout in physician assistant nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 26(2), 142–150.
Johnston, K., O’Reilly, C. L., Scholz, B., Georgousopoulou, E. N., & Mitchell, I. (2021). Burnout and the challenges facing pharmacists during COVID-19: results of a national survey. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 43(3), 716–725.
Kader Maideen, S. F., Mohd. Sidik, S., Rampal, L., & Mukhtar, F. (2014). Prevalence, associated factors and predictors of depression among adults in the community of Selangor, Malaysia. PloS one, 9(4), e95395.
Kho, B. P., Hassali, M. A., Lim, C. J., & Saleem, F. (2017). Challenges in the management of community pharmacies in Malaysia. Pharmacy Practice, 15(2), 1–10.
Kock, N., & Lynn, G. S. (2012). Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546–580
Kulik, L., Shilo-Levin, S., & Liberman, G. (2016). Work–Family Role Conflict and Well-Being Among Women and Men. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(4), 651–668.
Lambert, E. G., Morrow, W., Hogan, N. L., & Vickovic, S. G. (2020). Exploring the Association between Work-Family Conflict and Job Involvement among Private Correctional Staff. Journal of Applied Security Research, 15(1), 49–72.
Langran, C., Mantzourani, E., Hughes, L., Hall, K., & Willis, S. (2022). “I’m at breaking point”; Exploring pharmacists’ resilience, coping and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 5, 100104.
Langran, C., Willis, S., Hughes, L., Mantzourani, E., & K. Hall. (2021). Intra and Inter-Professional Working: How Have Pharmacists’ Working Practices Changed During the Covid-19 Pandemic? International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 29(S1), 35–36.
Lee, S. W., Bae, G. Y., Rim, H. D., Lee, S. J., Chang, S. M., Kim, B. S., & Won, S. (2018). Mediating effect of resilience on the association between emotional neglect and depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Investigation, 15(1), 62–69.
Mäkelä, L., & Suutari, V. (2011). Coping with work-family conflicts in the global career context. Thunderbird International Business Review, 53(3), 365–375.
Malaysia Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2021, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department. [Online] Available at https://www.epu.gov.my
Miller, S., Patel, N., Vadala, T., Abrons, J., & Cerulli, J. (2012). Defining the pharmacist role in the pandemic outbreak of novel H1N1 influenza. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 52(6), 763-767.
Obrenovic, B., Jianguo, D., Khudaykulov, A., & Khan, M. A. S. (2020). Work-Family Conflict Impact on Psychological Safety and Psychological Well-Being: A Job Performance Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(March), 1–18.
PhAMA Industry Fact Book (2018). [Online] Available at https://www.phama.org.my/
Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research : A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
Radwan, R. M., Bentley, J. P., Patterson, J. A., Dixon, D. L., & Salgado, T. M. (2022). Predictors of job satisfaction among pharmacists: A regional workforce survey. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 5(August 2021), 100124.
Rafsanjani, M. A., Pamungkas, H. P., Prakoso, A. F., & Sholikhah, N. (2020). Does Teacher-Researcher Role Conflict Influence Psychological Well-Being Among the Lecturers? Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan Dan Ilmu Tarbiyah, 5(2), 287–296.
Rhee, M. K., Park, S. K., & Lee, C. K. (2020). Pathways from workplace flexibility to turnover intention: Role of work–family conflict, family–work conflict, and job satisfaction. International Journal of Social Welfare, 29(1), 51–61.
Samir AlKudsi, Z., Hany Kamel, N., El-Awaisi, A., Shraim, M., & Saffouh El Hajj, M. (2022). Mental health, burnout and resilience in community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal.
Skrupky, L. P., West, C. P., Shanafelt, T., Satele, D. V., & Dyrbye, L. N. (2020). Ability of the Well-Being Index to identify pharmacists in distress. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 60(6), 906-914.
Soomro, A. A., Breitenecker, R. J., & Shah, S. A. M. (2018). Relation of Work-Life Balance, Work-Family Conflict, and Family-Work Conflict with The Employee Performance-Moderating Role of Job Satisfaction. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 7(1), 129–146.
Teong, W. W., Ng, Y. K., Paraidathathu, T., & Chong, W. W. (2019). Job satisfaction and stress levels among community pharmacists in Malaysia. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, 49(1), 9–17.
Thin, S. M., Chongmelaxme, B., Watcharadamrongkun, S., Kanjanarach, T., Sorofman, B. A., & Kittisopee, T. (2022). A systematic review on pharmacists’ turnover and turnover intention. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, (May 2021).
Todd, A., Copeland, A., Husband, A., Kasim, A., & Bambra, C. (2014). The Positive Pharmacy Care Law: An Area-Level Analysis of The Relationship Between Community Pharmacy Distribution, Urbanity and Social Deprivation in England. BMJ open, 4(8), e005764.
Tunc, T., & Kutanis, R. O. (2009). Role conflict, role ambiguity, and burnout in nurses and physicians at a university hospital in Turkey. Nursing and Health Sciences, 11(4), 410–416.
Watson, K. E., Singleton, J. A., Tippett, V., & Nissen, L. M. (2019). Defining pharmacists' roles in disasters: a Delphi study. PloS one, 14(12), e0227132.
Watson, K. E., Van Haaften, D., Horon, K., & Tsuyuki, R. T. (2020). The evolution of pharmacists’ roles in disasters, from logistics to assessing and prescribing. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada, 153(3), 129-131.
Wells, C. M., & Klocko, B. A. (2018). Principal Well-Being and Resilience: Mindfulness as a Means to That End. NASSP Bulletin, 102(2), 161–173.
Wisner, B., Adams, J., & Adams, J. (Eds.). (2002). Environmental Health in Emergencies and Disasters: A Practical Guide. World Health Organization.
Yu, J., Song, H., Shi, H., & Wang, K. (2020). Association between work–family conflict and overall well-being among Chinese nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(7), 1498–1503.
Athota, V. S., Budhwar, P., & Malik, A. (2020). Influence of Personality Traits and Moral Values on Employee Well-Being, Resilience and Performance: A Cross-National Study. Applied Psychology, 69(3), 653–685.
Aziz, N. N. A., Yazid, Z. N. A., Tarmuji, N. H., Samsudin, M. A., & Majid, A. A. (2018). The Influence of Work-Family Conflict and Family-Work Conflict on Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(4).
Baral, R., & Sampath, P. (2019). Exploring the moderating effect of susceptibility to emotional contagion in the crossover of work–family conflict in supervisor–subordinate dyads in India. Personnel Review, 48(5), 1336–1356.
Barrington-Leigh, C. (2017). Sustainability and well-being: A happy synergy. Society for International Development, 59(3–4), 292–298.
Botsford Morgan, W., Perry, S. J., & Wang, Y. (2018). The angry implications of work-to-family conflict: Examining effects of leadership on an emotion-based model of deviance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 108, 13–27.
Boyle, T. A., Bishop, A., Morrison, B., Murphy, A., Barker, J., Ashcroft, D. M., ... & MacKinnon, N. J. (2016). Pharmacist work stress and learning from quality related events. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 12(5), 772-783.
Brazeau, G. A., Frenzel, J. E., & Prescott, W. A. (2020). Facilitating wellbeing in a turbulent time. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(6), 688–691.
Bridgeman, P. J., Bridgeman, M. B., & Barone, J. (2018). Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals. The Bulletin of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 75(3), 147-152.
Choki, A. G., & Zhao, Q. (2021). Analysis of the Impacts of Work, Non-Work and Stress Issues on The Work Family Conflict In Ivorian Industrial Sector. Journal of Systems Science and Information, 9(2), 131–153.
Connelly, D. (2021). Work-related stress: the hidden pandemic in pharmacy. The Pharmaceutical Journal, PJ, November 2021. Vol 307, No 7955;307(7955)
Durand, C., Douriez, E., Chappuis, A., Poulain, F., Yazdanpanah, Y., Lariven, S., ... & Peiffer-Smadja, N. (2022). Contributions and challenges of community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 15(1), 1-7.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160.
Ganesan, V. (2020). Retail Pharmacies not immune to COVID-19 outbreak (29 July 2020). National Pharmacy News, The Edge.
Goode, J.-V., Owen, J., Page, A., & Gatewood, S. (2019). Community-Based Pharmacy Practice Innovation and the Role of the Community-Based Pharmacist Practitioner in the United States. Pharmacy, 7(3), 106.
Hagemann, T. M., Reed, B. N., Bradley, B. A., Clements, J. N., Cohen, L. J., Coon, S. A., ... & Rogers, K. M. (2020). Burnout among clinical pharmacists: causes, interventions, and a call to action. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 3(4), 832-842.
Haldane, V., Zhang, Z., Abbas, R. F., Dodd, W., Lau, L. L., Kidd, M. R., ... & Wei, X. (2020). National Primary Care Responses To COVID-19: A Rapid Review of The Literature. BMJ open, 10(12), e041622.
Harun, I., Mahmood, R., & Md. Som, H. (2022). Role Stressors And Turnover Intention Among Doctors In Malaysian Public Hospitals: Work–Family Conflict And Work Engagement As Mediators. PSU Research Review, 6(1), 1–16.
Hedima, E. W., Okoro, R. N., Yelmis, G. A., & Adam, H. (2022). Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and wellbeing of pharmacists: A nationwide survey. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 5, 100109.
International Labour Organization. (2017). World Social Protection Report 2017–19: Universal social protection to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. International Labour Organization
International Pharmaceutical Federation. COVID-19 Guidance (Part 2): Guidelines for Pharmacists and the Pharmacy Workforce. 2020. https:// www.fp.org/fle/4729. Accessed 24 Sep 2021.
Jacobs, S., Hassell, K., Ashcroft, D., Johnson, S., & O’Connor, E. (2014). Workplace stress in community pharmacies in England: associations with individual, organizational and job characteristics. Journal of health services research & policy, 19(1), 27-33.
Jeong, H. S., & Choi, S. Y. (2020). The mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between role conflict and burnout in physician assistant nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 26(2), 142–150.
Johnston, K., O’Reilly, C. L., Scholz, B., Georgousopoulou, E. N., & Mitchell, I. (2021). Burnout and the challenges facing pharmacists during COVID-19: results of a national survey. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 43(3), 716–725.
Kader Maideen, S. F., Mohd. Sidik, S., Rampal, L., & Mukhtar, F. (2014). Prevalence, associated factors and predictors of depression among adults in the community of Selangor, Malaysia. PloS one, 9(4), e95395.
Kho, B. P., Hassali, M. A., Lim, C. J., & Saleem, F. (2017). Challenges in the management of community pharmacies in Malaysia. Pharmacy Practice, 15(2), 1–10.
Kock, N., & Lynn, G. S. (2012). Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546–580
Kulik, L., Shilo-Levin, S., & Liberman, G. (2016). Work–Family Role Conflict and Well-Being Among Women and Men. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(4), 651–668.
Lambert, E. G., Morrow, W., Hogan, N. L., & Vickovic, S. G. (2020). Exploring the Association between Work-Family Conflict and Job Involvement among Private Correctional Staff. Journal of Applied Security Research, 15(1), 49–72.
Langran, C., Mantzourani, E., Hughes, L., Hall, K., & Willis, S. (2022). “I’m at breaking point”; Exploring pharmacists’ resilience, coping and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 5, 100104.
Langran, C., Willis, S., Hughes, L., Mantzourani, E., & K. Hall. (2021). Intra and Inter-Professional Working: How Have Pharmacists’ Working Practices Changed During the Covid-19 Pandemic? International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 29(S1), 35–36.
Lee, S. W., Bae, G. Y., Rim, H. D., Lee, S. J., Chang, S. M., Kim, B. S., & Won, S. (2018). Mediating effect of resilience on the association between emotional neglect and depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Investigation, 15(1), 62–69.
Mäkelä, L., & Suutari, V. (2011). Coping with work-family conflicts in the global career context. Thunderbird International Business Review, 53(3), 365–375.
Malaysia Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2021, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department. [Online] Available at https://www.epu.gov.my
Miller, S., Patel, N., Vadala, T., Abrons, J., & Cerulli, J. (2012). Defining the pharmacist role in the pandemic outbreak of novel H1N1 influenza. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 52(6), 763-767.
Obrenovic, B., Jianguo, D., Khudaykulov, A., & Khan, M. A. S. (2020). Work-Family Conflict Impact on Psychological Safety and Psychological Well-Being: A Job Performance Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(March), 1–18.
PhAMA Industry Fact Book (2018). [Online] Available at https://www.phama.org.my/
Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research : A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
Radwan, R. M., Bentley, J. P., Patterson, J. A., Dixon, D. L., & Salgado, T. M. (2022). Predictors of job satisfaction among pharmacists: A regional workforce survey. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 5(August 2021), 100124.
Rafsanjani, M. A., Pamungkas, H. P., Prakoso, A. F., & Sholikhah, N. (2020). Does Teacher-Researcher Role Conflict Influence Psychological Well-Being Among the Lecturers? Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan Dan Ilmu Tarbiyah, 5(2), 287–296.
Rhee, M. K., Park, S. K., & Lee, C. K. (2020). Pathways from workplace flexibility to turnover intention: Role of work–family conflict, family–work conflict, and job satisfaction. International Journal of Social Welfare, 29(1), 51–61.
Samir AlKudsi, Z., Hany Kamel, N., El-Awaisi, A., Shraim, M., & Saffouh El Hajj, M. (2022). Mental health, burnout and resilience in community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal.
Skrupky, L. P., West, C. P., Shanafelt, T., Satele, D. V., & Dyrbye, L. N. (2020). Ability of the Well-Being Index to identify pharmacists in distress. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 60(6), 906-914.
Soomro, A. A., Breitenecker, R. J., & Shah, S. A. M. (2018). Relation of Work-Life Balance, Work-Family Conflict, and Family-Work Conflict with The Employee Performance-Moderating Role of Job Satisfaction. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 7(1), 129–146.
Teong, W. W., Ng, Y. K., Paraidathathu, T., & Chong, W. W. (2019). Job satisfaction and stress levels among community pharmacists in Malaysia. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, 49(1), 9–17.
Thin, S. M., Chongmelaxme, B., Watcharadamrongkun, S., Kanjanarach, T., Sorofman, B. A., & Kittisopee, T. (2022). A systematic review on pharmacists’ turnover and turnover intention. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, (May 2021).
Todd, A., Copeland, A., Husband, A., Kasim, A., & Bambra, C. (2014). The Positive Pharmacy Care Law: An Area-Level Analysis of The Relationship Between Community Pharmacy Distribution, Urbanity and Social Deprivation in England. BMJ open, 4(8), e005764.
Tunc, T., & Kutanis, R. O. (2009). Role conflict, role ambiguity, and burnout in nurses and physicians at a university hospital in Turkey. Nursing and Health Sciences, 11(4), 410–416.
Watson, K. E., Singleton, J. A., Tippett, V., & Nissen, L. M. (2019). Defining pharmacists' roles in disasters: a Delphi study. PloS one, 14(12), e0227132.
Watson, K. E., Van Haaften, D., Horon, K., & Tsuyuki, R. T. (2020). The evolution of pharmacists’ roles in disasters, from logistics to assessing and prescribing. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada, 153(3), 129-131.
Wells, C. M., & Klocko, B. A. (2018). Principal Well-Being and Resilience: Mindfulness as a Means to That End. NASSP Bulletin, 102(2), 161–173.
Wisner, B., Adams, J., & Adams, J. (Eds.). (2002). Environmental Health in Emergencies and Disasters: A Practical Guide. World Health Organization.
Yu, J., Song, H., Shi, H., & Wang, K. (2020). Association between work–family conflict and overall well-being among Chinese nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(7), 1498–1503.
Published
2023-06-30
How to Cite
MAT KHAIRI, Siti Murni et al.
Work-Family Conflict, Resilience, And Well-Being of Community Pharmacists: A Conceptual Paper.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Economics and Finance, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 2, p. 164-174, june 2023.
ISSN 2682-812X.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijaref/article/view/22473>. Date accessed: 13 oct. 2024.
Section
English Section
