Growing Gigs: A Conceptual Report on Job Autonomy and Work Engagement on Gig Workers’ Performance
Abstract
Gig workers are becoming increasingly prevalent in the workforce, which has fuelled the growth of project-based and freelance employment options. Gig workers are people who work as independent contractors or freelancers on a temporary basis, usually in the service industry. This concept paper begins by addressing the rise of the gig economy, notably in Malaysia, and then goes on to analyse how job autonomy and work engagement influence the performance of gig workers. This paper employs the job demand resources (JD-R) model, which is a critical model for describing how demands and resources interact and forecasting important organisational outcomes. Job autonomy is examined in relation to work engagement and gig workers’ performance. It is assumed that these relationships reflect motivational processes of the JD–R model. Additionally, we emphasised the need for further investigation to show that gig workers' performance is influenced by their job autonomy and work engagement. We will construct a viable research agenda based on the review, which will include opportunities for theoretical advancement as well as empirical findings in gig economy studies. As a result, both employers and practitioners may benefit from fostering job autonomy and engagement in order to improve performance among gig workers.
References
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Auh, Seigyoung, Menguc, Bulent, Fisher, Michelle, & Haddad, Abeer. (2011). The perceived autonomy–perceived service climate relationship: the contingency effect of store-level tenure diversity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(6), 509-520.
Azahar, S. (2020, October 8). Rise of gig economy. Retrieved February 20, 2022, from www.thesundaily.my website: https://www.thesundaily.my/opinion/rise-of-gig- economy-AK4491398
Aziz, A. (2020). Analisis Pengaruh Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice, dan Satisfaction Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dengan Affective Commitment Sebagai Variabel Mediasi. Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi (JEMA) Universitas Ngudi Waluyo, 1(1), 47-60.
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Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. (2018). Work engagement: current trends. Career Development International, 23(1), 4–11. doi:10.1108/cdi-11-2017-0207
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13, 209-223
Bakker A.B. & Demerouti E. (2007) The job demands-resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology 22, 309–328.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of occupational health psychology, 10(2), 170.
Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (Eds.). (2010). Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research. New York: Psychology Press
Bangwal, Deepak, & Tiwari, Prakash. (2019). Environmental design and awareness impact on organization image. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management.
Barken, Rachel, Denton, Margaret, Sayin, Firat K, Brookman, Catherine, Davies, Sharon, & Zeytinoglu, Isik U. (2018). The influence of autonomy on personal support workers’ job satisfaction, capacity to care, and intention to stay. Home health care services quarterly, 37(4), 294-312.
Borst, R. T., Kruyen, P. M., & Lako, C. J. (2017). Exploring the Job Demands–Resources Model of Work Engagement in Government: Bringing in a Psychological Perspective. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 0734371X1772987. doi:10.1177/0734371x17729870
Burtch, G., Carnahan, S., & Greenwood, B. N. (2018). Can You Gig It? An Empirical Examination of the Gig Economy and Entrepreneurial Activity. Management Science. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2017.2916
Cao, X., Guo, X., Vogel, D., & Zhang, X. (2016). Exploring the influence of social media on employee work performance. Internet Research.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands- resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499.
De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G., & Van Hootegem, G. (2016). Not All Autonomy is the Same. Different Dimensions of Job Autonomy and Their Relation to Work Engagement & Innovative Work Behavior. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 26(4), 515–527. doi:10.1002/hfm.20666
Dodd, Nancy G, & Ganster, Daniel C. (1996). The interactive effects of variety, autonomy, and feedback on attitudes and performance. Journal of organizational behavior, 17(4), 329-347.
Fuertes, G., Alfaro, M., Vargas, M., Gutierrez, S., Ternero, R., & Sabattin, J. (2020). Conceptual framework for the strategic management: a literature review—descriptive. Journal of Engineering, 2020.
Garg, Shreya, & Dhar, Rajib. (2017). Employee service innovative behavior: The roles of leader-member exchange (LMX), work engagement, and job autonomy. International Journal of Manpower.
Jiang, X., Du, J., Zhou, J., & Cui, Y. (2020). The impact of negative informal information before a change on performance: A within-person approach. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(2), 670.
Hackman, J Richard, & Oldham, Greg R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational behavior and human performance, 16(2), 250-279.
Hakanen J., Bakker A.B. & Schaufeli W.B. (2006) Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology 43, 495–513.
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2005). How dentists cope with their job demands and stay engaged: The moderating role of job resources. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 113, 479-487.
Huws, U., Spencer, N. H., & Joyce, S. (2016) Crowd work in Europe: preliminary results from a survey in the UK, Sweden, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. FEPS Studies, December. Available at: http://www.feps-europe.eu/assets/39aad271-85ff-457c-8b23- b30d82bb808f/crowd-work-in-europe-draft-report-last-versionpdf.pdf
Kahn, W.A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work (pp. 692–724). Academy of Management Journal, 33.
Kaine, S., & Josserand, E. (2019). The organisation and experience of work in the gig economy. Journal of Industrial Relations, 002218561986548. doi:10.1177/0022185619865480
Kalogiannidis, S. (2020). Impact of effective business communication on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(6).
Kanat‐Maymon, Yaniv, & Reizer, Abira. (2017). Supervisors’ autonomy support as a predictor of job performance trajectories. Applied Psychology, 66(3), 468-486.
Kartal, N. (2018). Evaluating the relationship between work engagement, work alienation and work performance of healthcare professionals. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 11(3), 251–259. doi:10.1080/20479700.2018.1453969
Khoshnaw, Saifaddin, & Alavi, Hamed. (2020). Examining the Interrelation Between Job Autonomy and Job Performance: A Critical Literature Review. Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering, 3.
Knight, C., Patterson, M., & Dawson, J. (2019). Work engagement interventions can be effective: a systematic review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1–25. doi:10.1080/1359432x.2019.1588887
Kuhn, K.M. (2016), “The rise of the ‘gig economy’ and implications for understanding work and workers”, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 157-162.
Langfred, Claus W, & Rockmann, Kevin W. (2016). The push and pull of autonomy: The tension between individual autonomy and organizational control in knowledge work. Group & Organization Management, 41(5), 629-657.
Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Flexibility in the gig economy: managing time on three online piecework platforms. New Technology, Work and Employment, 33(1), 13–29. doi:10.1111/ntwe.12102
Lestiyanie, D. A., & Yanuar, Y. (2019). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Keadilan Terhadap Ocb, Komitmen Sebagai Intervening Pada Cv. Cempaka. Jurnal Manajerial Dan Kewirausahaan, 1(2), 191-198.
Lim, R. (2021, April 18). Gig economy on the rise. Retrieved February 20, 2022, from The Star website: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/04/18/gig-economy-on- the-rise
Lyubykh, Z., Bozeman, J., Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., & Shan, J. V. (2022). Employee performance and abusive supervision: The role of supervisor over‐attributions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(1), 125-145.
Maslach, C., Leiter, M.P (1997). The truth about burnout. Jossey, Bass, CA.
Muecke, Simeon, & Iseke, Anja. (2019). How does job autonomy influence job performance? A meta-analytic test of theoretical mechanisms. Paper presented at the Academy of management proceedings.
Murray, N. and Ball, T. (2016), “The gig economy and the US labor system”, Labor and Employment Law, Vol. 44 No. 3, pp. 1-2.
Mutonyi, B. R., Slåtten, T., & Lien, G. (2020). Empowering leadership, work group cohesiveness, individual learning orientation and individual innovative behaviour in the public sector: empirical evidence from Norway. International Journal of Public Leadership.
Naqvi, SMM Raza, Ishtiaq, Maria, Kanwal, Nousheen, & Ali, Mohsin. (2013). Impact of job autonomy on organizational commitment and job satisfaction: The moderating role of organizational culture in fast food sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(17), 92.
Parker, S. K., and M. A. Griffin. 2011. “Understanding Active Psychological States: Embedding Engagement in a Wider Nomological Net and Closer Attention to Performance.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 20 (1): 60– 67. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2010.532869.
Pandey, D. L. (2020). Work stress and employee performance: an assessment of impact of work stress. International Research Journal of Human Resource and Social Sciences, 7(05), 124-135.
Pattnaik, Subash Chandra, & Sahoo, Rashmita. (2020). Employee engagement, creativity and task performance: role of perceived workplace autonomy. South Asian Journal of Business Studies.
Pradoto, H., Haryono, S., & Wahyuningsih, S. H. (2022). The role of work stress, organizational climate, and improving employee performance in implementation of work from home. Work, (Preprint), 1-11.
Sa'adah, N., & Rijanti, T. (2022). The Role of Knowledge Sharing, Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employee Performance: An Empirical Study on Public Health Center of Pati 1, Pati 2 and Trangkil in Central Java. International Journal of Social and Management Studies, 3(1), 112-131.
Saengchai, Sakapas, Thaiprayoon, Khajornsak, & Jermsittiparsert, Kittisak. (2019). Employee Turnover Intentions: The Role of the Supervisor’s Support and Job Autonomy with Job Satisfaction Acting as a Mediator: A Case of Paramedical Staff in Thai Government Hospital. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 16(11), 4789-4797.
Saragih, Susanti. (2015). The effects of job autonomy on work outcomes: Self efficacy as an intervening variable. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 4(3).
Saragih, Susanti, Margaretha, Meily, & Anantyanda, Luthfia. (2021). JOB AUTONOMY, JOB CRAFTING AND EMPLOYEES’WELL-BEING DURING WORKING FROM HOME. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 23(2), 177-185.
Shoss, M. K. (2017). Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research. Journal of management, 43(6), 1911-1939.
Sisodia, Shalini, & Das, Ira. (2013). Effect of job autonomy upon organizational commitment of employees at different hierarchical level. Psychological Thought, 6(2).
Stewart, A., & Stanford, J. (2017). Regulating work in the gig economy: What are the options? The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 420–437. doi:10.1177/1035304617722461
Sun, C. K. (2020). Environmental Law. Yearbook of South African Law, 1, 573–597. https://doi.org/10.47348/ysal/v1/i1a11
Taylor M, Marsh G, Nicole D and Broadbent P (2017) Good Work: The Taylor Review of Modern Working Practices. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/good-workthe-taylor-review-of- modern-working-practices (accessed 1 March 2018).
Terason, S. (2018). The influence of job autonomy on job satisfaction in Thai fitness trainer professionals: a moderation analysis. J. Entrepren. Org. Manag, 7(1000225), 10.4172.
The Gig Economy in Malaysia. (2022). Retrieved 20 February 2022, from https://www.paulhypepage.my/the-gig-economy-in-malaysia/
Vander Elst, T., Cavents, C., Daneels, K., Johannik, K., Baillien, E., Van den Broeck, A., et al. (2016). Job demands-resources predicting burnout and work engagement among Belgian home healthcare nurses: a crosssectional study. Nurs. Outlook 64, 542–556. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2016.06.004
Zhou, Qiwei, Li, Qian, & Gong, Shiyang. (2019). How job autonomy promotes employee’s sustainable development? A moderated mediation model. Sustainability, 11(22), 6445.
Apriliyanti, Y. (2019). Pengaruh organizational Justice terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Studi pada Dinas Koperasi dan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah Provinsi Jawa Barat (Doctoral dissertation, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung).
Auh, Seigyoung, Menguc, Bulent, Fisher, Michelle, & Haddad, Abeer. (2011). The perceived autonomy–perceived service climate relationship: the contingency effect of store-level tenure diversity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(6), 509-520.
Azahar, S. (2020, October 8). Rise of gig economy. Retrieved February 20, 2022, from www.thesundaily.my website: https://www.thesundaily.my/opinion/rise-of-gig- economy-AK4491398
Aziz, A. (2020). Analisis Pengaruh Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice, dan Satisfaction Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dengan Affective Commitment Sebagai Variabel Mediasi. Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi (JEMA) Universitas Ngudi Waluyo, 1(1), 47-60.
Aziz, N. (2019, November 12). Gig Economy Malaysia: Empowerment or Exploitation? Retrieved February 21, 2022, from Loanstreet website: https://loanstreet.com.my/learning-centre/gig-economy-malaysia-empowerment-or- exploitation
Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. (2018). Work engagement: current trends. Career Development International, 23(1), 4–11. doi:10.1108/cdi-11-2017-0207
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13, 209-223
Bakker A.B. & Demerouti E. (2007) The job demands-resources model: state of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology 22, 309–328.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of occupational health psychology, 10(2), 170.
Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (Eds.). (2010). Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research. New York: Psychology Press
Bangwal, Deepak, & Tiwari, Prakash. (2019). Environmental design and awareness impact on organization image. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management.
Barken, Rachel, Denton, Margaret, Sayin, Firat K, Brookman, Catherine, Davies, Sharon, & Zeytinoglu, Isik U. (2018). The influence of autonomy on personal support workers’ job satisfaction, capacity to care, and intention to stay. Home health care services quarterly, 37(4), 294-312.
Borst, R. T., Kruyen, P. M., & Lako, C. J. (2017). Exploring the Job Demands–Resources Model of Work Engagement in Government: Bringing in a Psychological Perspective. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 0734371X1772987. doi:10.1177/0734371x17729870
Burtch, G., Carnahan, S., & Greenwood, B. N. (2018). Can You Gig It? An Empirical Examination of the Gig Economy and Entrepreneurial Activity. Management Science. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2017.2916
Cao, X., Guo, X., Vogel, D., & Zhang, X. (2016). Exploring the influence of social media on employee work performance. Internet Research.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands- resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499.
De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G., & Van Hootegem, G. (2016). Not All Autonomy is the Same. Different Dimensions of Job Autonomy and Their Relation to Work Engagement & Innovative Work Behavior. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 26(4), 515–527. doi:10.1002/hfm.20666
Dodd, Nancy G, & Ganster, Daniel C. (1996). The interactive effects of variety, autonomy, and feedback on attitudes and performance. Journal of organizational behavior, 17(4), 329-347.
Fuertes, G., Alfaro, M., Vargas, M., Gutierrez, S., Ternero, R., & Sabattin, J. (2020). Conceptual framework for the strategic management: a literature review—descriptive. Journal of Engineering, 2020.
Garg, Shreya, & Dhar, Rajib. (2017). Employee service innovative behavior: The roles of leader-member exchange (LMX), work engagement, and job autonomy. International Journal of Manpower.
Jiang, X., Du, J., Zhou, J., & Cui, Y. (2020). The impact of negative informal information before a change on performance: A within-person approach. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(2), 670.
Hackman, J Richard, & Oldham, Greg R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational behavior and human performance, 16(2), 250-279.
Hakanen J., Bakker A.B. & Schaufeli W.B. (2006) Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology 43, 495–513.
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2005). How dentists cope with their job demands and stay engaged: The moderating role of job resources. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 113, 479-487.
Huws, U., Spencer, N. H., & Joyce, S. (2016) Crowd work in Europe: preliminary results from a survey in the UK, Sweden, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. FEPS Studies, December. Available at: http://www.feps-europe.eu/assets/39aad271-85ff-457c-8b23- b30d82bb808f/crowd-work-in-europe-draft-report-last-versionpdf.pdf
Kahn, W.A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work (pp. 692–724). Academy of Management Journal, 33.
Kaine, S., & Josserand, E. (2019). The organisation and experience of work in the gig economy. Journal of Industrial Relations, 002218561986548. doi:10.1177/0022185619865480
Kalogiannidis, S. (2020). Impact of effective business communication on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(6).
Kanat‐Maymon, Yaniv, & Reizer, Abira. (2017). Supervisors’ autonomy support as a predictor of job performance trajectories. Applied Psychology, 66(3), 468-486.
Kartal, N. (2018). Evaluating the relationship between work engagement, work alienation and work performance of healthcare professionals. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 11(3), 251–259. doi:10.1080/20479700.2018.1453969
Khoshnaw, Saifaddin, & Alavi, Hamed. (2020). Examining the Interrelation Between Job Autonomy and Job Performance: A Critical Literature Review. Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering, 3.
Knight, C., Patterson, M., & Dawson, J. (2019). Work engagement interventions can be effective: a systematic review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1–25. doi:10.1080/1359432x.2019.1588887
Kuhn, K.M. (2016), “The rise of the ‘gig economy’ and implications for understanding work and workers”, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 157-162.
Langfred, Claus W, & Rockmann, Kevin W. (2016). The push and pull of autonomy: The tension between individual autonomy and organizational control in knowledge work. Group & Organization Management, 41(5), 629-657.
Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Flexibility in the gig economy: managing time on three online piecework platforms. New Technology, Work and Employment, 33(1), 13–29. doi:10.1111/ntwe.12102
Lestiyanie, D. A., & Yanuar, Y. (2019). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi, Keadilan Terhadap Ocb, Komitmen Sebagai Intervening Pada Cv. Cempaka. Jurnal Manajerial Dan Kewirausahaan, 1(2), 191-198.
Lim, R. (2021, April 18). Gig economy on the rise. Retrieved February 20, 2022, from The Star website: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/04/18/gig-economy-on- the-rise
Lyubykh, Z., Bozeman, J., Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., & Shan, J. V. (2022). Employee performance and abusive supervision: The role of supervisor over‐attributions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(1), 125-145.
Maslach, C., Leiter, M.P (1997). The truth about burnout. Jossey, Bass, CA.
Muecke, Simeon, & Iseke, Anja. (2019). How does job autonomy influence job performance? A meta-analytic test of theoretical mechanisms. Paper presented at the Academy of management proceedings.
Murray, N. and Ball, T. (2016), “The gig economy and the US labor system”, Labor and Employment Law, Vol. 44 No. 3, pp. 1-2.
Mutonyi, B. R., Slåtten, T., & Lien, G. (2020). Empowering leadership, work group cohesiveness, individual learning orientation and individual innovative behaviour in the public sector: empirical evidence from Norway. International Journal of Public Leadership.
Naqvi, SMM Raza, Ishtiaq, Maria, Kanwal, Nousheen, & Ali, Mohsin. (2013). Impact of job autonomy on organizational commitment and job satisfaction: The moderating role of organizational culture in fast food sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(17), 92.
Parker, S. K., and M. A. Griffin. 2011. “Understanding Active Psychological States: Embedding Engagement in a Wider Nomological Net and Closer Attention to Performance.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 20 (1): 60– 67. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2010.532869.
Pandey, D. L. (2020). Work stress and employee performance: an assessment of impact of work stress. International Research Journal of Human Resource and Social Sciences, 7(05), 124-135.
Pattnaik, Subash Chandra, & Sahoo, Rashmita. (2020). Employee engagement, creativity and task performance: role of perceived workplace autonomy. South Asian Journal of Business Studies.
Pradoto, H., Haryono, S., & Wahyuningsih, S. H. (2022). The role of work stress, organizational climate, and improving employee performance in implementation of work from home. Work, (Preprint), 1-11.
Sa'adah, N., & Rijanti, T. (2022). The Role of Knowledge Sharing, Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employee Performance: An Empirical Study on Public Health Center of Pati 1, Pati 2 and Trangkil in Central Java. International Journal of Social and Management Studies, 3(1), 112-131.
Saengchai, Sakapas, Thaiprayoon, Khajornsak, & Jermsittiparsert, Kittisak. (2019). Employee Turnover Intentions: The Role of the Supervisor’s Support and Job Autonomy with Job Satisfaction Acting as a Mediator: A Case of Paramedical Staff in Thai Government Hospital. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 16(11), 4789-4797.
Saragih, Susanti. (2015). The effects of job autonomy on work outcomes: Self efficacy as an intervening variable. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 4(3).
Saragih, Susanti, Margaretha, Meily, & Anantyanda, Luthfia. (2021). JOB AUTONOMY, JOB CRAFTING AND EMPLOYEES’WELL-BEING DURING WORKING FROM HOME. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 23(2), 177-185.
Shoss, M. K. (2017). Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research. Journal of management, 43(6), 1911-1939.
Sisodia, Shalini, & Das, Ira. (2013). Effect of job autonomy upon organizational commitment of employees at different hierarchical level. Psychological Thought, 6(2).
Stewart, A., & Stanford, J. (2017). Regulating work in the gig economy: What are the options? The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 420–437. doi:10.1177/1035304617722461
Sun, C. K. (2020). Environmental Law. Yearbook of South African Law, 1, 573–597. https://doi.org/10.47348/ysal/v1/i1a11
Taylor M, Marsh G, Nicole D and Broadbent P (2017) Good Work: The Taylor Review of Modern Working Practices. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/good-workthe-taylor-review-of- modern-working-practices (accessed 1 March 2018).
Terason, S. (2018). The influence of job autonomy on job satisfaction in Thai fitness trainer professionals: a moderation analysis. J. Entrepren. Org. Manag, 7(1000225), 10.4172.
The Gig Economy in Malaysia. (2022). Retrieved 20 February 2022, from https://www.paulhypepage.my/the-gig-economy-in-malaysia/
Vander Elst, T., Cavents, C., Daneels, K., Johannik, K., Baillien, E., Van den Broeck, A., et al. (2016). Job demands-resources predicting burnout and work engagement among Belgian home healthcare nurses: a crosssectional study. Nurs. Outlook 64, 542–556. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2016.06.004
Zhou, Qiwei, Li, Qian, & Gong, Shiyang. (2019). How job autonomy promotes employee’s sustainable development? A moderated mediation model. Sustainability, 11(22), 6445.
Published
2022-05-01
How to Cite
MOHSIN, Farhana Hanim et al.
Growing Gigs: A Conceptual Report on Job Autonomy and Work Engagement on Gig Workers’ Performance.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Economics and Finance, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 144-156, may 2022.
ISSN 2682-812X.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijaref/article/view/18095>. Date accessed: 11 oct. 2024.
Section
English Section
