The Association between Social Media Usage, Self-esteem and Loneliness with Social Interaction Anxiety and Depression

Perkaitan antara Penggunaan Media Sosial, Harga Diri dan Kesunyian dengan Kebimbangan Interaksi Sosial dan Kemurungan

  • Mun Hui Choy Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
  • Ian Griffin Prawiromaruto Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Kristen Bukit Pengharapan
  • Yee Kee Tan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • Sok Lai Hong Universiti Malaya
  • Anwari Ariffin University College of MAIWP International
  • Meng Chuan Ho UCSI University (Springhill Campus)
  • Ching Sin Siau Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Abstract

The tech-savvy younger generations, coupled with readily accessible social media platforms, shed light on the impacts of social media, particularly from the perspective of mental health. The study examined whether social media usage, self-esteem, and loneliness are significantly associated with social interaction anxiety and depressive symptoms. Participants (N = 495) were recruited from a private Malaysian university using the convenience sampling method. The following questionnaires were self-administered: (1) Social Networking Time Use Scale (SONTUS); (2) Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES); (3) Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS); (4) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9); and (5) UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3. Multiple linear regression results showed that higher social media usage (β = 0.193, p < 0.001), lower self-esteem (β = -0.247, p < 0.001), and a higher level of loneliness (β = 0.338, p < 0.001) were associated with higher social interaction anxiety symptoms. Multiple logistic regression results revealed that higher social media usage (aOR 1.207, 95% CI [1.129, 1.290], p < 0.001) and a higher level of loneliness (aOR 1.071, 95% CI [1.042, 1.100], p < 0.001) were associated with higher odds of having depressive symptoms, while higher self-esteem (aOR 0.894, 95% CI [0.846, 0.944], p < 0.001) was associated with lower odds of having depressive symptoms. The findings of the study suggested that social media usage has negative impacts on university students’ mental health. Future studies are recommended to examine social media usage from other domains such as activity, investment, and addiction.


Generasi muda yang celik teknologi ditambah pula dengan platform media sosial yang mudah diakses telah memberikan penekanan terhadap kesan media sosial, terutamanya dari perspektif kesihatan mental. Kajian ini mengkaji sama ada penggunaan media sosial, harga diri, dan kesunyian dikaitkan dengan kebimbangan interaksi sosial dan kemurungan. Para peserta (N = 495) telah dipilih dari sebuah universiti swasta di Malaysia menggunakan kaedah persampelan secara mudah. Soal selidik berikut telah ditadbir sendiri: (1) Skala Penggunaan Masa Rangkaian Sosial (SONTUS); (2) Skala Harga Diri Rosenberg (RSES); (3) Skala Kebimbangan Interaksi Sosial (SIAS); (4) Soal Selidik Kesihatan Pesakit (PHQ-9) dan (5) UCLA Skala Kesepian Versi 3. Keputusan regresi linear berganda menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan media sosial yang lebih tinggi (β = 0.193, p < 0.001), harga diri yang lebih rendah (β = -0.247, p < 0.001), dan tahap kesunyian yang lebih tinggi (β = 0.338, p < 0.001) dikaitkan dengan kebimbangan interaksi sosial yang lebih tinggi. Keputusan regresi logistik berganda pula menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan media sosial yang lebih tinggi (aOR 1.207, 95% CI [1.129, 1.290], p < 0.001) dan tahap kesepian yang lebih tinggi (aOR 1.071, 95% CI [1.042, 1.100], p < 0.001) dikaitkan dengan kemungkinan yang lebih tinggi untuk mengalami isu kemurungan, manakala harga diri yang lebih tinggi (aOR 0.894, 95% CI [0.846, 0.944], p < 0.001) dikaitkan dengan kemungkinan yang lebih rendah untuk mengalami isu kemurungan. Dapatan kajian mencadangkan bahawa penggunaan media sosial boleh membawa kesan negatif terhadap kesihatan mental para pelajar universiti. Kajian pada masa akan datang disyorkan untuk mengkaji penggunaan media sosial dari domain lain seperti aktiviti, pelaburan dan ketagihan.

Author Biographies

Mun Hui Choy, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris

Faculty of Human Development, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris 35900 Tanjung Malim, Malaysia.

Ian Griffin Prawiromaruto, Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Kristen Bukit Pengharapan

Ian Griffin Prawiromaruto Rector’s Office Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Kristen Bukit Pengharapan 57792 Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

Yee Kee Tan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Center for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Sok Lai Hong, Universiti Malaya

Institute of Research Management and Services Universiti Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Anwari Ariffin, University College of MAIWP International

Faculty of Management, Education and Humanities University College of MAIWP International 68100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Meng Chuan Ho, UCSI University (Springhill Campus)

Meng Chuan Ho Centre for Pre-U Studies UCSI University (Springhill Campus) 71010 Port Dickson, Malaysia

Ching Sin Siau, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Center for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Published
2024-06-11
How to Cite
CHOY, Mun Hui et al. The Association between Social Media Usage, Self-esteem and Loneliness with Social Interaction Anxiety and Depression. Buletin Sains Kesihatan, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 1 - 8, june 2024. ISSN 2550-1852. Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/bsk/article/view/24325>. Date accessed: 04 dec. 2024.