Stress and Resilience as Predictors of Quality of Life among Healthcare Students
Abstract
Students face the responsibilities of an emerging adults where they manage their academic life while learning to gain independence, causing stress. Resilience helps them to manage and face adversities that affect their quality of life. This study was conducted on 210 Filipino healthcare students that used a predictive correlational research design to determine if stress and resilience can predict their quality of life. Results showed significant relationships existed between stress, resilience, and quality of life. Multiple regression analysis suggested that stress and resilience combined, only resilience significantly predicted the quality of life among healthcare students.
References
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Amsrud K.E., Lyberg A., & Severinsson E. (2019). Development of resilience in nursing students: A systematic qualitative review and thematic synthesis. Nurse Education in Practice, 41(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.102621
Backmann, J., Weiss, M., Schippers, M. C., & Hoegl, M. (2019). Personality factors, student resiliency, and the moderating role of achievement values in study progress. Learning and Individual Differences, 72, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2019.04.004
Barrot, J.S., Llenares, I.I. & del Rosario, L.S. (2021). Students’ online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 7321–7338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10589-x
Berdida, D.J.E., & Grande, R.A.N. (2023). Academic stress, COVID-19 anxiety, and quality of life among nursing students: The mediating role of resilience. International Nursing Review, 70(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12774
Biswas, S., Bipeta, R., Molangue, U., and Reshaboyina, L.R. (2019). A study to assess the quality of life of undergraduate medical students. Open Journal of Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, 10(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.5958/2394-2061.2019.00005.3
Burckhardt, C.S., Woods, S.L., Schultz, A.A., & Ziebarth, D.M. (1989). Quality of life of adults with chronic illness: A psychometric study. Research in Nursing & Health, 12(6), 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770120604
Cerqueira, T.R.C, Batista, S.G., de Mello, E.B., DosSantos, M.F. and Tuñas, I.T.C. (2021). Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on stress, sleep, and oral health in university students. Frontiers in Pain Research, 2(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2021.744264
Chattu, V.K., Sahu, P.K., Seedial, N., Seecharan, G., Seepersad, A., Seunarine, M., & Singh, A. (2020). An exploratory study of quality of life and its relationship with academic performance among students in medical and other health professions. Medical Sciences, 8(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci8020023
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Connor, K.M., & Davidson, J.R.T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale. Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Dalug, N., Galawan, N., Hibaya, H. J., Dipatuan, J. & Said, M. H. (2022). Towards a better distance learning: experience of radiologic technology students in a higher education institution. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research. 3(4), 627-639. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.04.14.
Durbas, A., Karaman, H., Solman, C.H., Kaygisiz, N., & Ersoy, Ö. (2021). Anxiety and stress levels associated with covid-19 pandemic of university students in turkey: A year after the pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.731348
Fernandes, R., Braun, K.L., Spinner, J.R., Sturdevant, C., Ancheta, S.J., Yoshimura, S.R., Compton, M., Wang, J.H., & Lee, C.J. (2012). Healthy heart, healthy family: A collaborative employing community health workers to improve heart health. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 23, 988-999. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2012.0097
Haider, S.I., Ahmed, F., Pasha, H., Pasha, H., Farheen, N., & Zahid, M.T. (2022). Life satisfaction, resilience and coping mechanisms among medical students during covid-19. Public Library of Science One, 17(10), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275319
Hamadi, H. Y., Zakari, N. M. A., Jibreel, E., AL Nami, F. N., Smida, J. A. S., & Ben Haddad, H. H. (2021). Stress and coping strategies among nursing students in clinical practice during COVID-19. Nursing Reports, 11(3), 629–639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nursrep11030060
Huffman, E.M., Athanasiadis, D.I., Anton, N. E., Haskett, L.A., Doster, D.L., Stefanidis, D., & Lee, N.K. (2020). How resilient is your team? Exploring healthcare providers' well-being during the covid-19 pandemic. American Journal of Surgery, 221(2), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.09.005
Jordan, R.K., Shah, S.S., Desai, H., Tripi, J., Mitchell, A., & Worth, R.G. (2020). Variation of stress levels, burnout, and resilience throughout the academic year in first-year medical students. Public Library of Science One, 15(10), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240667.
Keyserlingk, L.V., Yamaguchi-Pedroza, K., Arum, R., & Eccles, J.S. (2022). Stress of university students before and after campus closure in response to covid-19. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(1), 285-301. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22561
Koohestani, H. & Baghcheghi, N. (2022). The relationship between mental distress and perception of covid-19 stress in healthcare students. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis, 39(3), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.5937/afmnai39-34388
Kumar, R.M., Naik, R., R., Kukarni, R., & Nyamagoud, S. (2021). Assessment of depression, anxiety and stress among healthcare students during covid-19 pandemic: A cross sectional study. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 11(6), 92-99. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i6-s.5144.
Labrague L. J. (2021). Resilience as a mediator in the relationship between stress-associated with the covid-19 pandemic, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being in student nurses: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education in Practice, 56(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103182
Lacomba-Trejo, L., Schoeps, K., Valero-Moreno, S., Del Rosario, C., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2022). Teachers' response to stress, anxiety and depression during covid-19 lockdown: What have we learned from the pandemic?. The Journal of School Health, 92(9), 864-872. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13192
Leroy, A., Wathelet, M., Fovet, T., Habran, E., Granon, B., Martignène, N., Amad, A., Notredame, C., Vaiva, G., & D'Hondt, F. (2021). Mental health among medical, healthcare, and other university students during the first COVID-19 lockdown in France. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 6, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100260
Macauley, K., Plummer, L., Bemis, C., Brock, G., Larson, C., & Spangler, J. (2018). Prevalence and predictors of anxiety in healthcare professions students. Health Professions Education, 4(3), 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2018.01.001
Mai, Y., Wu, Y.J., & Huang, Y. (2021). What type of social support is important for student resilience during covid-19? A latent profile analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646145
Merino-Godoy, M.Á., Yot-Domínguez, C., Conde-Jiménez, J., Ramírez Martín, P., & Lunar-Valle, P.M. (2022). The influence of emotional burnout and resilience on the psychological distress of nursing students during the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(6), 1457-1466. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13046
Miguel, A.Q.C., Tempski, P., Kobayasi, R., Mayer, F.B., & Martins, M.A. (2021). Predictive factors of quality of life among medical students: Results from a multicentric study. BMC Psychology, 9(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00534-5
Miranda, J.O., & Cruz, R.N.C. (2022). Resilience mediates the relationship between optimism and well-being among Filipino university students. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 41(5), 3185-3194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00806-0
Özer, E. (2021). The relationship between grit and emotional intelligence in university students. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 10(1), 25-33. http://journals.lapub.co.uk/index.php/perr/article/view/1708.
Ozden, C. & Atasoy, R. (2020). Socioeconomically disadvantaged and resilient students' characteristics and their perceptions about school. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(5), 70-89. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2020.277.5.
Pequeno, N.P.F., Cabral, N.L.A., Marchioni, D.M., Lima, S.C.V.C., & Lyra, C.O. (2020). Quality of life assessment instruments for adults: A systematic review of population-based studies. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01347-7
Ramón-Arbués, E., Gea-Caballero, V., Granada-López, J.M., Juárez-Vela, R., Pellicer-García, B., & Antón-Solanas, I. (2020). The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress and their associated factors in college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197001
Ribeiro, Í. J., Pereira, R., Freire, I. V., de Oliveira, B. G., Casotti, C. A., & Boery, E. N. (2018). Stress and quality of life among university students: A systematic literature review. Health Professions Education, 4(2), 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2017.03.002
Rotas, E.E. & Cahapay, M.B. (2020) Difficulties in remote learning: Voices of Philippine university students in the wake of covid-19 crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(2), 147-158. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4299835
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of covid-19 on college students' mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279
Sun, Y., Pan, W., Zhang, Y., Xu, G., Xi, J., Bao, Q., & Bian, X. (2021). The relationship between stress, resilience, and quality of life in Chinese high school students. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 10(5), 5483–5493. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-21-929
Van Der Feltz-Cornelis, C.M., Varley, D., Allgar, V.L., & De Beurs, E. (2020). Workplace stress, presenteeism, absenteeism, and resilience amongst university staff and students in the covid-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.588803
Van der Merwe, L. J., Botha, A., & Joubert, G. (2020). Resilience and coping strategies of undergraduate medical students at the university of the free state. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 26(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v26i0.1471
Wurtz, O. (2022). A transactional stress and coping perspective on expatriation: New insights on the roles of age, gender and expatriate type. Journal of Global Mobility, 10(3), 351-372. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-10-2021-0086
Yang, C., Chen, A., & Chen, Y. (2021). College students’ stress and health in the covid-19 pandemic: The role of academic workload, separation from school, and fears of contagion. Public Library of Science, 16(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246676
Yusoff, M.S.B., Hadie, S.N.H., & Yasin, M.A.M. (2021). The roles of emotional intelligence, neuroticism, and academic stress on the relationship between psychological distress and burnout in medical students. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02733-5
Zarei, S., & Fooladvand, K. (2022). Family functioning and life satisfaction among female university students during covid-19 outbreak: The mediating role of hope and resilience. BMC Women's Health, 22(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02103-3
Almhdawi, K.A., Kanaan, S.F., Khader, Y., Al-Hourani, Z., Al-Jarrah, M.D., Almomani, F., & Alqhazo, M.T. (2021). Mental and physical health-related quality of life and their associated factors among students of a comprehensive allied health institution. Work-a Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation, 70(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-205226
Amsrud K.E., Lyberg A., & Severinsson E. (2019). Development of resilience in nursing students: A systematic qualitative review and thematic synthesis. Nurse Education in Practice, 41(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.102621
Backmann, J., Weiss, M., Schippers, M. C., & Hoegl, M. (2019). Personality factors, student resiliency, and the moderating role of achievement values in study progress. Learning and Individual Differences, 72, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2019.04.004
Barrot, J.S., Llenares, I.I. & del Rosario, L.S. (2021). Students’ online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 7321–7338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10589-x
Berdida, D.J.E., & Grande, R.A.N. (2023). Academic stress, COVID-19 anxiety, and quality of life among nursing students: The mediating role of resilience. International Nursing Review, 70(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12774
Biswas, S., Bipeta, R., Molangue, U., and Reshaboyina, L.R. (2019). A study to assess the quality of life of undergraduate medical students. Open Journal of Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, 10(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.5958/2394-2061.2019.00005.3
Burckhardt, C.S., Woods, S.L., Schultz, A.A., & Ziebarth, D.M. (1989). Quality of life of adults with chronic illness: A psychometric study. Research in Nursing & Health, 12(6), 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770120604
Cerqueira, T.R.C, Batista, S.G., de Mello, E.B., DosSantos, M.F. and Tuñas, I.T.C. (2021). Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on stress, sleep, and oral health in university students. Frontiers in Pain Research, 2(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2021.744264
Chattu, V.K., Sahu, P.K., Seedial, N., Seecharan, G., Seepersad, A., Seunarine, M., & Singh, A. (2020). An exploratory study of quality of life and its relationship with academic performance among students in medical and other health professions. Medical Sciences, 8(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci8020023
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Connor, K.M., & Davidson, J.R.T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale. Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Dalug, N., Galawan, N., Hibaya, H. J., Dipatuan, J. & Said, M. H. (2022). Towards a better distance learning: experience of radiologic technology students in a higher education institution. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research. 3(4), 627-639. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.04.14.
Durbas, A., Karaman, H., Solman, C.H., Kaygisiz, N., & Ersoy, Ö. (2021). Anxiety and stress levels associated with covid-19 pandemic of university students in turkey: A year after the pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.731348
Fernandes, R., Braun, K.L., Spinner, J.R., Sturdevant, C., Ancheta, S.J., Yoshimura, S.R., Compton, M., Wang, J.H., & Lee, C.J. (2012). Healthy heart, healthy family: A collaborative employing community health workers to improve heart health. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 23, 988-999. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2012.0097
Haider, S.I., Ahmed, F., Pasha, H., Pasha, H., Farheen, N., & Zahid, M.T. (2022). Life satisfaction, resilience and coping mechanisms among medical students during covid-19. Public Library of Science One, 17(10), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275319
Hamadi, H. Y., Zakari, N. M. A., Jibreel, E., AL Nami, F. N., Smida, J. A. S., & Ben Haddad, H. H. (2021). Stress and coping strategies among nursing students in clinical practice during COVID-19. Nursing Reports, 11(3), 629–639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nursrep11030060
Huffman, E.M., Athanasiadis, D.I., Anton, N. E., Haskett, L.A., Doster, D.L., Stefanidis, D., & Lee, N.K. (2020). How resilient is your team? Exploring healthcare providers' well-being during the covid-19 pandemic. American Journal of Surgery, 221(2), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.09.005
Jordan, R.K., Shah, S.S., Desai, H., Tripi, J., Mitchell, A., & Worth, R.G. (2020). Variation of stress levels, burnout, and resilience throughout the academic year in first-year medical students. Public Library of Science One, 15(10), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240667.
Keyserlingk, L.V., Yamaguchi-Pedroza, K., Arum, R., & Eccles, J.S. (2022). Stress of university students before and after campus closure in response to covid-19. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(1), 285-301. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22561
Koohestani, H. & Baghcheghi, N. (2022). The relationship between mental distress and perception of covid-19 stress in healthcare students. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis, 39(3), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.5937/afmnai39-34388
Kumar, R.M., Naik, R., R., Kukarni, R., & Nyamagoud, S. (2021). Assessment of depression, anxiety and stress among healthcare students during covid-19 pandemic: A cross sectional study. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 11(6), 92-99. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i6-s.5144.
Labrague L. J. (2021). Resilience as a mediator in the relationship between stress-associated with the covid-19 pandemic, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being in student nurses: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education in Practice, 56(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103182
Lacomba-Trejo, L., Schoeps, K., Valero-Moreno, S., Del Rosario, C., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2022). Teachers' response to stress, anxiety and depression during covid-19 lockdown: What have we learned from the pandemic?. The Journal of School Health, 92(9), 864-872. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13192
Leroy, A., Wathelet, M., Fovet, T., Habran, E., Granon, B., Martignène, N., Amad, A., Notredame, C., Vaiva, G., & D'Hondt, F. (2021). Mental health among medical, healthcare, and other university students during the first COVID-19 lockdown in France. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 6, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100260
Macauley, K., Plummer, L., Bemis, C., Brock, G., Larson, C., & Spangler, J. (2018). Prevalence and predictors of anxiety in healthcare professions students. Health Professions Education, 4(3), 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2018.01.001
Mai, Y., Wu, Y.J., & Huang, Y. (2021). What type of social support is important for student resilience during covid-19? A latent profile analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646145
Merino-Godoy, M.Á., Yot-Domínguez, C., Conde-Jiménez, J., Ramírez Martín, P., & Lunar-Valle, P.M. (2022). The influence of emotional burnout and resilience on the psychological distress of nursing students during the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(6), 1457-1466. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13046
Miguel, A.Q.C., Tempski, P., Kobayasi, R., Mayer, F.B., & Martins, M.A. (2021). Predictive factors of quality of life among medical students: Results from a multicentric study. BMC Psychology, 9(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00534-5
Miranda, J.O., & Cruz, R.N.C. (2022). Resilience mediates the relationship between optimism and well-being among Filipino university students. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 41(5), 3185-3194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00806-0
Özer, E. (2021). The relationship between grit and emotional intelligence in university students. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 10(1), 25-33. http://journals.lapub.co.uk/index.php/perr/article/view/1708.
Ozden, C. & Atasoy, R. (2020). Socioeconomically disadvantaged and resilient students' characteristics and their perceptions about school. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(5), 70-89. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2020.277.5.
Pequeno, N.P.F., Cabral, N.L.A., Marchioni, D.M., Lima, S.C.V.C., & Lyra, C.O. (2020). Quality of life assessment instruments for adults: A systematic review of population-based studies. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01347-7
Ramón-Arbués, E., Gea-Caballero, V., Granada-López, J.M., Juárez-Vela, R., Pellicer-García, B., & Antón-Solanas, I. (2020). The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress and their associated factors in college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197001
Ribeiro, Í. J., Pereira, R., Freire, I. V., de Oliveira, B. G., Casotti, C. A., & Boery, E. N. (2018). Stress and quality of life among university students: A systematic literature review. Health Professions Education, 4(2), 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2017.03.002
Rotas, E.E. & Cahapay, M.B. (2020) Difficulties in remote learning: Voices of Philippine university students in the wake of covid-19 crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(2), 147-158. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4299835
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of covid-19 on college students' mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279
Sun, Y., Pan, W., Zhang, Y., Xu, G., Xi, J., Bao, Q., & Bian, X. (2021). The relationship between stress, resilience, and quality of life in Chinese high school students. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 10(5), 5483–5493. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-21-929
Van Der Feltz-Cornelis, C.M., Varley, D., Allgar, V.L., & De Beurs, E. (2020). Workplace stress, presenteeism, absenteeism, and resilience amongst university staff and students in the covid-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.588803
Van der Merwe, L. J., Botha, A., & Joubert, G. (2020). Resilience and coping strategies of undergraduate medical students at the university of the free state. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 26(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v26i0.1471
Wurtz, O. (2022). A transactional stress and coping perspective on expatriation: New insights on the roles of age, gender and expatriate type. Journal of Global Mobility, 10(3), 351-372. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-10-2021-0086
Yang, C., Chen, A., & Chen, Y. (2021). College students’ stress and health in the covid-19 pandemic: The role of academic workload, separation from school, and fears of contagion. Public Library of Science, 16(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246676
Yusoff, M.S.B., Hadie, S.N.H., & Yasin, M.A.M. (2021). The roles of emotional intelligence, neuroticism, and academic stress on the relationship between psychological distress and burnout in medical students. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02733-5
Zarei, S., & Fooladvand, K. (2022). Family functioning and life satisfaction among female university students during covid-19 outbreak: The mediating role of hope and resilience. BMC Women's Health, 22(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02103-3
Published
2023-05-31
How to Cite
ORINES, Richardson Dagami et al.
Stress and Resilience as Predictors of Quality of Life among Healthcare Students.
Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 2, p. 81-89, may 2023.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ajress/article/view/22336>. Date accessed: 26 mar. 2025.
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Articles
