Social Mobility and its Challenges Towards Orang Asli: A Conceptual Paper
Abstract
Due to the causes and effects of collective or individual movements resulting from changes in the social structure, social mobility exists (Aldridge, 2001). Malaysia was ranked 43rd in the World Economic Forum's Global Social Mobility Report released in 2020, meaning that people have fewer chances in health care, education, access to technology, working conditions, and social protection. In addition, social mobility impacts indigenous people's employment, education, and danger of exclusion. If the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is implemented with these ideals of equality and participation in mind, it can be revolutionary for indigenous peoples. Malaysia's government is dedicated to improving the indigenous people's socioeconomic well-being to attain the SDGs. Furthermore, the Malaysian government has established many development programmes, including the New Economic Policy, the Structured Placement Program, and others, to increase the social mobility of indigenous people. As a result, this conceptual paper will focus on a discussion of the paucity of research on Orang Asli's social mobility in Malaysia, factors influencing social mobility, difficulties impacting social mobility, and future studies in social mobility involving Malaysia's indigenous people.
References
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Anuar, A., Kamaruzzaman. S.N., and Daud, M.N. (2010). The perceptions of the affected Aborigine in Malaysia. 1Centre for Studies of Urban and Regional Real Estate (SURE), Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Malaya.
Boyd, H. (1996). Indigenous Australians and the socioeconomic status of urban neighbourhoods. Discussion Paper. ANU Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR). Retrieved from https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145536/1/1996_DP106.pdf
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Carey, I. (1976). Orang Asli: the aboriginal tribes of peninsular Malaysia. New York: Oxford University Press.
Colin, N. (2008). "Orang Asli and the Bumiputra policy". Centre for Orang Asli Concerns. Retrieved from: http://web.usm.my/km/KM%2021,2003/21-13.pdf
Cunninghame, I. (2017). “The Role of Higher Education in Facilitating Social Mobility.”International Studies inWidening Participation 4 (1): 2017
Department of Orang Asli Development. (2018). Data Asas Malaysia 2018. Retrieved from: www.rurallink.gov.my/wp-content/ uploads/2015/05/7-JAKOA.pdf.
Economic Policy Reforms (2010). "A Family Affair". Economic Policy Reforms. 2010. pp. 181–198. doi:10.1787/growth-2010-38-en. ISBN 9789264079960.
Galiani, S. 2010. “Social mobility: What is it and why does it matter” Working Document 101, Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales.
Heckman. J.J. and Mosso. S. (2014). "The Economics of Human Development and Social Mobility" (PDF). Annual Review of Economics. 6: 689–733. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-040753. PMC 4204337. PMID 25346785
Jacobs, G. and Asokan, N. (1999). "Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Social Development". In: Human Choice, World Academy of Art & Science, USA.
Kamaruddin, K. (2008). Educational Policy and Opportunities of Orang Asli: A Study on Indigenous People in Malaysia. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning Vol. 4, Num. 1, June 2008.
Karim, R.A., Kamarudin, S., Zaidi, A., Rashdi, W.F.A.W.M., Ghani, N.F.C. (2021). A Case Study of Orang Asli Women Role in Achieving Gender Equality. Journal of Educational Research and Indigenous Studies. Vol. 3(1).
Kari, F.B., Masud, M.M., and Yahaya, S.R.B. (2016). Poverty within watershed and environmentally protected areas: the case of the indigenous community in Peninsular Malaysia. Environ Monit Assess 188, 173 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5162-1
Korea Development Institute, 2014, “Social Mobility: Experiences and Lessons from Asia,” edited by Taejong Kim and Anthea Mulakala https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/KDI-TAF-2014Social-Mobility-Experiences-and-Lessons-from-Asia.pdf
Li, Y, Zhang. S., and Kong, J. (2015). Social mobility in China and Britain: A comparative study. International Review of Social Research 5: 20–34.
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Malaysia: Federal Constitution. (1957). Retrieved from http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/FC/Federal%20Consti%20(BI%20text).pdf
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Maria, U.Z. (2019). JAKOA perkukuh kerjasama rakan sinergi. Berita Harian. July, 14. Retrieved from: https://www.bharian.com.my/ berita/nasional/ 2019/07 584793/ jakoa-perkukuh-kerjasama-rakan-sinergi
Masron, T., Masami, F., and Norhasimah, I. (2013). Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia: population, spatial distribution and socio-economic condition. J Ritsumeikan Soc Sci Humanit 6, 75–115.
Mustapha, R., Omar, M., Hassan, S., Yasin, R. and Salleh, N. (2010). Human Capital Development of Orang Asli Youth: Supportive and Suppressive Factors. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7, pp.592-600.
Mohd Asri, M.N. (2012). Advancing the Orang Asli through Malaysia’s Clusters of Excellence Policy. Journal of International and Comparative Education. 1(2):90-103.
Narayan, A., R. Van der Weide, A. Cojocaru, C. Lakner, S. Redaelli, D. G. Mahler, R. G. N. Ramasubbaiah, and S. Thewissen (2018). Fair Progress?: Economic Mobility Across Generations Around theWorld. Equity and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Nor Hayati, S., Ibrahim, M. and Wan Mohd Zaifurin, W. N. (2017). Pola Perubahan Sosiobudaya dan Mobiliti Sosial dalam Kalangan Komuniti Muara di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia, Akademika, 87(3).
Nobuta, T. (2008). Living on the periphery: Development and Islamization among the Orang Asli in Malaysia. Subang Jaya: Center for Orang Asli Concerns
Nunn, A., Johnson, S., Monro, S., Bickerstaffe, T., & Kelsey, S. (2007). Factors influencing social mobility. London: DWP.
OECD. (2018). A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264301085-en.pdf?expires=1600880192&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=8A95DE5D4D819C493FEC1CD659AF57AE
Poonwassie, D. H. (1992). Aboriginal Teacher Training and Development in Canada: An example from the Province of Manitoba. Routledge
Rosniza Aznie, C. R., Lyndon, N., Sharifah Mastura, S.A., Selvadurai, S., Mimi Hanida, A. M., Syahiran, M. D. and Mazrin Rohizaq, C. R. (2018). The Aboriginal People’s Perceptions, Knowledge and Practices in Enhancing Family Planning. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(13) Special Issue: Community Development & Social Mobility, 94–102.
Rosniza Aznie, C. R., Lyndon, N., Vivien, Y. W. C., Siti Norsakira, M., Syahiran, M. D., and Jali, M. F. M. (2018). The Literacy Experience of Indigenous People in Pahang, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(13) Special Issue: Community Development & Social Mobility, 85–93.
Saifullah, M.K., Kari, F.B. and Othman, A. (2018). "Poverty among the small-scale plantation holders: Indigenous communities in Peninsular Malaysia", International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 230-245. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2016-0296
Syed Hussain, T. P. R., S. Krishnasamy, D., & Golam Hassan, A. A. (2017). Resettlement Of The Orang Asli And Development Plan For Orang Asli Community In Malaysia. Journal of Techno-Social, 9(1). Retrieved from https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTS/article/view/1764
The Global Social Mobility Report. (2020). The Global Social Mobility Report 2020. Equality, Opportunity and a New Economic Imperative. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_Social_Mobility_Report.pdf
United Nations. (n.d). Who are indigenous peoples? Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/5session_factsheet1.pdf
United Nations. (n.d). Urban Indigenous Peoples and Migration: Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/6_session_factsheet2.pdf
United Nations. (2016). Leaving no one behind: the imperative of inclusive development Report on the World Social Situation. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2016/full-report.pdf
United Nations. (2017). Briefing Note: Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and the 2030 Agenda. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2016/10/Briefing-Paper-on-Indigenous-Peoples-Rights-and-the-2030-Agenda.pdf
Veenstra, G., & Vanzella-Yang, A. (2021). Intergenerational social mobility and self-rated health in Canada. SSM - population health, 15, 100890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100890
Wee. S.T, Maryati, M. and Mohd Nur Syufaat, J. (2013). Pembangunan Sosioekonomi Komuniti Orang Asli Di Malaysia, Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12008473.pdf
Wettasinghe, P.M.; Allan, W.; Garvey, G.; Timbery, A.; Hoskins, S.; Veinovic, M.; Daylight, G.; Mack, H.A.; Minogue, C.; Donovan, T.; Broe, G.A.; Radford, K.; Delbaere, K. (2020). Older Aboriginal Australians’ Health Concerns and Preferences for Healthy Ageing Programs. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207390
World Economic Forum, “The global social mobility report 2020: Equality, opportunity, and a new economic imperative” (World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, 2020).
Anuar, A., Kamaruzzaman. S.N., and Daud, M.N. (2010). The perceptions of the affected Aborigine in Malaysia. 1Centre for Studies of Urban and Regional Real Estate (SURE), Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Malaya.
Boyd, H. (1996). Indigenous Australians and the socioeconomic status of urban neighbourhoods. Discussion Paper. ANU Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR). Retrieved from https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145536/1/1996_DP106.pdf
Cleveland, H. and Jacobs, G. (1999). "Human Choice: The Genetic Code for Social Development". In: Futures Research Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 9–10, November–December 1999, Pergamon, UK, p. 964.
Carey, I. (1976). Orang Asli: the aboriginal tribes of peninsular Malaysia. New York: Oxford University Press.
Colin, N. (2008). "Orang Asli and the Bumiputra policy". Centre for Orang Asli Concerns. Retrieved from: http://web.usm.my/km/KM%2021,2003/21-13.pdf
Cunninghame, I. (2017). “The Role of Higher Education in Facilitating Social Mobility.”International Studies inWidening Participation 4 (1): 2017
Department of Orang Asli Development. (2018). Data Asas Malaysia 2018. Retrieved from: www.rurallink.gov.my/wp-content/ uploads/2015/05/7-JAKOA.pdf.
Economic Policy Reforms (2010). "A Family Affair". Economic Policy Reforms. 2010. pp. 181–198. doi:10.1787/growth-2010-38-en. ISBN 9789264079960.
Galiani, S. 2010. “Social mobility: What is it and why does it matter” Working Document 101, Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales.
Heckman. J.J. and Mosso. S. (2014). "The Economics of Human Development and Social Mobility" (PDF). Annual Review of Economics. 6: 689–733. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-040753. PMC 4204337. PMID 25346785
Jacobs, G. and Asokan, N. (1999). "Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Social Development". In: Human Choice, World Academy of Art & Science, USA.
Kamaruddin, K. (2008). Educational Policy and Opportunities of Orang Asli: A Study on Indigenous People in Malaysia. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning Vol. 4, Num. 1, June 2008.
Karim, R.A., Kamarudin, S., Zaidi, A., Rashdi, W.F.A.W.M., Ghani, N.F.C. (2021). A Case Study of Orang Asli Women Role in Achieving Gender Equality. Journal of Educational Research and Indigenous Studies. Vol. 3(1).
Kari, F.B., Masud, M.M., and Yahaya, S.R.B. (2016). Poverty within watershed and environmentally protected areas: the case of the indigenous community in Peninsular Malaysia. Environ Monit Assess 188, 173 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5162-1
Korea Development Institute, 2014, “Social Mobility: Experiences and Lessons from Asia,” edited by Taejong Kim and Anthea Mulakala https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/KDI-TAF-2014Social-Mobility-Experiences-and-Lessons-from-Asia.pdf
Li, Y, Zhang. S., and Kong, J. (2015). Social mobility in China and Britain: A comparative study. International Review of Social Research 5: 20–34.
Louis, J. (2020). Do ASEAN citizens have social mobility? Retrieved from https://theaseanpost.com/article/do-asean-citizens-have-social-mobility
Malaysia: Federal Constitution. (1957). Retrieved from http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/FC/Federal%20Consti%20(BI%20text).pdf
Manaf, N. A, Omar, K , Razali, M.K.A.M, Abdullah,R & Saputra, J. (2021). The Role of Agencies in Implementing the Social Development Programs to Improve the Well-being of Orang Asli Communities in Terengganu, Malaysia. Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Singapore, March 7-11, 2021
Maria, U.Z. (2019). JAKOA perkukuh kerjasama rakan sinergi. Berita Harian. July, 14. Retrieved from: https://www.bharian.com.my/ berita/nasional/ 2019/07 584793/ jakoa-perkukuh-kerjasama-rakan-sinergi
Masron, T., Masami, F., and Norhasimah, I. (2013). Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia: population, spatial distribution and socio-economic condition. J Ritsumeikan Soc Sci Humanit 6, 75–115.
Mustapha, R., Omar, M., Hassan, S., Yasin, R. and Salleh, N. (2010). Human Capital Development of Orang Asli Youth: Supportive and Suppressive Factors. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7, pp.592-600.
Mohd Asri, M.N. (2012). Advancing the Orang Asli through Malaysia’s Clusters of Excellence Policy. Journal of International and Comparative Education. 1(2):90-103.
Narayan, A., R. Van der Weide, A. Cojocaru, C. Lakner, S. Redaelli, D. G. Mahler, R. G. N. Ramasubbaiah, and S. Thewissen (2018). Fair Progress?: Economic Mobility Across Generations Around theWorld. Equity and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Nor Hayati, S., Ibrahim, M. and Wan Mohd Zaifurin, W. N. (2017). Pola Perubahan Sosiobudaya dan Mobiliti Sosial dalam Kalangan Komuniti Muara di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia, Akademika, 87(3).
Nobuta, T. (2008). Living on the periphery: Development and Islamization among the Orang Asli in Malaysia. Subang Jaya: Center for Orang Asli Concerns
Nunn, A., Johnson, S., Monro, S., Bickerstaffe, T., & Kelsey, S. (2007). Factors influencing social mobility. London: DWP.
OECD. (2018). A Broken Social Elevator? How to Promote Social Mobility. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264301085-en.pdf?expires=1600880192&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=8A95DE5D4D819C493FEC1CD659AF57AE
Poonwassie, D. H. (1992). Aboriginal Teacher Training and Development in Canada: An example from the Province of Manitoba. Routledge
Rosniza Aznie, C. R., Lyndon, N., Sharifah Mastura, S.A., Selvadurai, S., Mimi Hanida, A. M., Syahiran, M. D. and Mazrin Rohizaq, C. R. (2018). The Aboriginal People’s Perceptions, Knowledge and Practices in Enhancing Family Planning. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(13) Special Issue: Community Development & Social Mobility, 94–102.
Rosniza Aznie, C. R., Lyndon, N., Vivien, Y. W. C., Siti Norsakira, M., Syahiran, M. D., and Jali, M. F. M. (2018). The Literacy Experience of Indigenous People in Pahang, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(13) Special Issue: Community Development & Social Mobility, 85–93.
Saifullah, M.K., Kari, F.B. and Othman, A. (2018). "Poverty among the small-scale plantation holders: Indigenous communities in Peninsular Malaysia", International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 230-245. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2016-0296
Syed Hussain, T. P. R., S. Krishnasamy, D., & Golam Hassan, A. A. (2017). Resettlement Of The Orang Asli And Development Plan For Orang Asli Community In Malaysia. Journal of Techno-Social, 9(1). Retrieved from https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTS/article/view/1764
The Global Social Mobility Report. (2020). The Global Social Mobility Report 2020. Equality, Opportunity and a New Economic Imperative. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_Social_Mobility_Report.pdf
United Nations. (n.d). Who are indigenous peoples? Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/5session_factsheet1.pdf
United Nations. (n.d). Urban Indigenous Peoples and Migration: Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/6_session_factsheet2.pdf
United Nations. (2016). Leaving no one behind: the imperative of inclusive development Report on the World Social Situation. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2016/full-report.pdf
United Nations. (2017). Briefing Note: Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and the 2030 Agenda. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2016/10/Briefing-Paper-on-Indigenous-Peoples-Rights-and-the-2030-Agenda.pdf
Veenstra, G., & Vanzella-Yang, A. (2021). Intergenerational social mobility and self-rated health in Canada. SSM - population health, 15, 100890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100890
Wee. S.T, Maryati, M. and Mohd Nur Syufaat, J. (2013). Pembangunan Sosioekonomi Komuniti Orang Asli Di Malaysia, Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12008473.pdf
Wettasinghe, P.M.; Allan, W.; Garvey, G.; Timbery, A.; Hoskins, S.; Veinovic, M.; Daylight, G.; Mack, H.A.; Minogue, C.; Donovan, T.; Broe, G.A.; Radford, K.; Delbaere, K. (2020). Older Aboriginal Australians’ Health Concerns and Preferences for Healthy Ageing Programs. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207390
World Economic Forum, “The global social mobility report 2020: Equality, opportunity, and a new economic imperative” (World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, 2020).
Published
2022-05-01
How to Cite
AB RAHMAN, Farah Adilla et al.
Social Mobility and its Challenges Towards Orang Asli: A Conceptual Paper.
Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 328-337, may 2022.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ajress/article/view/18115>. Date accessed: 13 oct. 2024.
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