Effect of Breathing Exercise on The Accuracy of Penalty Kick
Abstract
This experimental study examined the effects of psychological skill training (PST), which is a breathing exercise on the accuracy of the penalty kick in soccer. This study involved thirty-two (n =32) members of a soccer club in primary school of Gombak district aged 10 to 12. They are randomly assigned to two different groups which are the treatment group (respiratory exercise) and control group (no exercise). The respiratory exercise program was conducted for 4 weeks, with an average of 3 times a week for the treatment group alone. The instrument used in this study has been adopted from the Penalty Precision Test (PPT) (Depdikbud, 1994) to measure the precision from kick to goal. The study used Independent T-Test to measure differences across these groups. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between the treatment group and control group in the results of the penalty kick accuracy test.
References
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Björkstrand, S., & Jern, P. (2013). Evaluation of an imagery intervention to improve penalty taking ability in soccer: A study of two junior girls teams. Nordic Psychology, 65(4), 290-305.
Black, K. (2019). Business statistics: for contemporary decision making. John Wiley & Sons.
Bhadoria, V. S., Bhukar, J. P., & Jadon, S. (2013). Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique on Mental Skills of Volleyball Players. International Journal of Physical Education, fitness and Sports, 2(4), 66-69.
Crews, R. T., & Kamen, G. (2006). Motor-evoked potentials following imagery and limb disuse. International journal of neuroscience, 116(5), 639-651.
Crossman, B. (1992). The effect of three practice techniques on the accuracy of a soccer penalty kick (Doctoral dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University).
Eysenck, M. W., & Wilson, M. R. (2016). Sporting performance, pressure and cognition 14. An introduction to applied cognitive psychology.
Frank, C., Land, W. M., Popp, C., & Schack, T. (2014). Mental representation and mental practice: experimental investigation on the functional links between motor memory and motor imagery. PloS one, 9(4), e95175.
Hegazy, K., Sherif, A. M., & Houta, S. S. (2015). The effect of mental training on motor performance of tennis and field hockey strokes in novice players. Advances in Physical Education, 5(02), 77.
Hunter, A. H., Angilletta Jr, M. J., Pavlic, T., Lichtwark, G., & Wilson, R. S. (2018). Modeling the two-dimensional accuracy of soccer kicks. Journal of biomechanics, 72, 159-166.
Huang, M. S. (2011). Coping with performance anxiety: College piano students' perceptions of performance anxiety and potential effectiveness of deep breathing, deep muscle relaxation, and visualization.
Jamil, M., Littman, P., & Beato, M. (2020). Investigating inter-league and inter-nation variations of key determinants for penalty success across European football. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(5), 892-907.
Jimenez-Diaz, J., & Morera-Castro, M. (2018). How to design the practice to optimize motor performance and learning?: A literature review. Sportis-Scientific Technical Journal Of School Sport Physical Education And Psychomotricity, 4(3), 587-603.
Kellmann, M., & Beckmann, J. (Eds.). (2017). Sport, recovery, and performance: Interdisciplinary insights. Routledge.
Koger, R. (2007). Latihan dasar andal sepakbola remaja. Klaten: Saka Mitra Kompetensi.
Lane, A. M., Devonport, T. J., Friesen, A. P., Beedie, C. J., Fullerton, C. L., & Stanley, D. M. (2016). How should I regulate my emotions if I want to run faster?. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(4), 465-472.
Makaruk, H., Porter, J. M., Sadowski, J., Bodasińska, A., Zieliński, J., Niźnikowski, T., & Mastalerz, A. (2019). The effects of combining focus of attention and autonomy support on shot accuracy in the penalty kick. PloS one, 14(9), e0213487.
Makaruk, H., Porter, J. M., Sadowski, J., Bodasińska, A., Zieliński, J., Niźnikowski, T., & Mastalerz, A. (2019). The effects of combining focus of attention and autonomy support on shot accuracy in the penalty kick. PloS one, 14(9), e0213487.
Navia, J. A., Van der Kamp, J., Avilés, C., & Aceituno, J. (2019). Self-control in aiming supports coping with psychological pressure in soccer penalty kicks. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1438.
Pambudi, J. (2012). Pengaruh Latihan Tendangan Penalti Menggunakan Sasaran Tetap dan Sasaran Berubah Terhadap Akurasi Tendangan Penalti pada Pemain UKM Sepak Bola Unnes Tahun 2012 (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Negeri Semarang).
Perry, I. S., & Katz, Y. J. (2015). Pre-performance routines, accuracy in athletic performance and self-control. Athens Journal of Sports, 2(3), 137-152.
Pelka, M., Kölling, S., Ferrauti, A., Meyer, T., Pfeiffer, M., & Kellmann, M. (2017). Acute effects of psychological relaxation techniques between two physical tasks. Journal of sports sciences, 35(3), 216-223.
Ruiz, M. C., Hanin, Y., & Robazza, C. (2016). Assessment of performance-related experiences: An individualized approach. The Sport Psychologist, 30(3), 201-218.
Röthlin, P., Horvath, S., Trösch, S., grosse Holtforth, M., & Birrer, D. (2020). Differential and shared effects of psychological skills training and mindfulness training on performance-relevant psychological factors in sport: a randomized controlled trial. BMC psychology, 8(1), 1-13.
Singh, A. J., & Kaur, R. (2020). Psychological Skills Training for Human Wellness. Sage Publications Pvt. Limited.
The International Football Assocation Board. (2018). Laws of the Game 2018/2019. Zurich
Turner, M., & Jones, M. (2018). Arousal Control in Sport. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology.
Vieira, L. H., Cunha, S. A., Moraes, R., Barbieri, F. A., Aquino, R., Oliveira, L. D. P., ... & Santiago, P. R. (2018). Kicking performance in young U9 to U20 soccer players: Assessment of velocity and accuracy simultaneously. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 89(2), 210-220.
Vealey, R. S. (1988). Future directions in psychological skills training. The sport psychologist, 2(4), 318-336.
Yahya, M. F., Ismail, M., & Amer, A. (2016). The idea of using practice in mind training program for rugby players to improve anxiety and kicking performance. Int J Sports Sci, 6(2), 70-5.
Yerkes, Robert M., and John D. Dodson. (1908). "The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation." Punishment: Issues and experiments: 27-41. DOI: 10.1002/cne.920180503.
Wriessnegger, S. C., Steyrl, D., Koschutnig, K., & Müller-Putz, G. R. (2014). Short time sports exercise boosts motor imagery patterns: implications of mental practice in rehabilitation programs. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 469.
Published
2021-06-01
How to Cite
AZEMI, Mohd Azharul et al.
Effect of Breathing Exercise on The Accuracy of Penalty Kick.
Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 2, p. 33-40, june 2021.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ajress/article/view/13422>. Date accessed: 13 oct. 2024.
Section
Articles
