The Factors of Social Media Usage and Mental Health: A Study on Malaysian Adolescents
Abstract
Abstract: Social media is a constantly growing part of adolescents’ lives and is becoming more widely used as technological advancement has grown over the years. It has been shown to be driven by positive and negative gratifying experiences. However, a clear understanding regarding the effects social media has on adolescents’ mental health, as well as the reasons social media is so widely used is still uncertain. This study explored the social media usage amongst Malaysian adolescents in terms of the factors affecting social media usage and the effects it has on their mental health. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used to gather data, by interviewing 10 Malaysian adolescents from Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Data analysis was conducted by analysing common themes and coding the data accordingly. The results showed that Malaysian adolescents use social media for both positive and negative purposes. Positive purposes included to seek information, to communicate with others, as well as decrease negative mood and boredom. Negative purposes included to seek online validation, due to the fear of missing out, addiction, and the anticipation of positive effects in the future. This is of concern as these purposes caused some to experience more negative than positive effects on their mental health, such as an increase in negative mood and a decrease in self-esteem.
References
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Hewitt, J., & Goldman, M. (1974). Self-esteem, need for approval, and reactions to personal evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10(3), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(74)90067-5
Hunt, M. G., Marx, R., Lipson, C., & Young, J. (2018). No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases Loneliness and Depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10), 751–768. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.751
Indian, M., & Grieve, R. (2014). When Facebook is easier than face-to-face: Social support derived from Facebook in socially anxious individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.016
Isa, S. M., Hashim, A. H., Kaur, M., & Ng, C. G. (2016). Internet Addiction among Adolescents in Malaysia: The Prevalence and its Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms. The Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 25(1).
Kapahi, A., Ling, C. S., Ramadass, S., & Abdullah, N. (2013). Internet Addiction in Malaysia Causes and Effects. IBusiness, 5(2), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.4236/ib.2013.52009
Karim, F., Oyewande, A., Abdalla, L. F., Chaudhry Ehsanullah, R., & Khan, S. (2020). Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8627
Katz, E., Haas, H., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). On the Use of the Mass Media for Important Things. American Sociological Review, 38(2), 164. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094393
Khoo, Y. S., & Zhooriyati, S. M. (2021). Meaning in life of Malaysian adolescents: a qualitative study. Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies, 23, (ISSN 2180-1649).
Kilduff, G. J. (2014). Driven to Win. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(8), 944–952. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614539770
Kim, H., Parker, J. G., & Walker Marciano, A. R. (2017). Interplay of self-esteem, emotion regulation, and parenting in young adolescents' friendship jealousy. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 52, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.06.007
Kırcaburun, K. (2016). Self-Esteem, Daily Internet Use and Social Media Addiction as Predictors of Depression among Turkish Adolescents. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(24), 64–72.
Kuala Lumpur City Hall. (2020, February 17). Turning KL into a city for all. https://www.dbkl.gov.my/klmycity2040/?p=4136.
Leighton, S., & Dogra, N. (2009). In Nursing in child and adolescent mental health (pp. 7–18). essay, McGraw Hill/Open University Press.
Lucas, R. E., & Tay, L. (2018). Reevaluating the Strengths and Weaknesses of Self- Report Measures of Subjective Well-Being. In E. Diener & S. Oishi (Eds.), Handbook of well-being (pp. 1–12). DEF Publishers. https://www.nobascholar.com/chapters/2
Malaysian Communications And Multimedia Commission. (2020, December 29). Internet Users Survey. Official Portal of Malaysian Communications And Multimedia Commission. https://www.mcmc.gov.my/en/resources/statistics/internet-users-survey.
Meier, A., & Schäfer, S. (2018). The Positive Side of Social Comparison on Social Network Sites: How Envy Can Drive Inspiration on Instagram. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(7), 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0708
Mesch, G. S. (2016). Parent–Child Connections on Social Networking Sites and Cyberbullying. Youth & Society, 50(8), 1145–1162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x16659685
Moslehpour, M., & Batjargal, U. (2013). Factors Influencing Internet Addiction among Adolescents of Malaysia and Mongolia. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 9(2).
Muslikah, Mulawarman, & Andriyani, A. (2018). Social Media User Students’ Academic Procrastination. Psikopedagogia Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 7(2), 53–57.
Naslund, J. A., Bondre, A., Torous, J., & Aschbrenner, K. A. (2020). Social Media and Mental Health: Benefits, Risks, and Opportunities for Research and Practice. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 5(3), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00134-x
Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social Support and Resilience to Stress: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice. Psychiatry, 4(5), 35–40.
Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Purvis, A., Rodger, H., & Beckingham, S. (2016). Engagement or Distraction: The use of Social Media for Learning in Higher Education. Student Engagement and Experience Journal, 5(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7190/seej.v5.i1.104
Rahman, M. S. (2017). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches and Methods in Language “Testing and Assessment” Research: A Literature Review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p102
Salman, A., Choy, E. A., Mahmud, W. A., & Latif, R. A. (2013). Tracing the diffusion of internet in Malaysia: Then and now. Asian Social Science, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n6p9
Song, I., Larose, R., Eastin, M. S., & Lin, C. A. (2004). Internet Gratifications and Internet Addiction: On the Uses and Abuses of New Media. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(4), 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2004.7.384
Tandoc, E. C., Ferrucci, P., & Duffy, M. (2015). Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students: Is facebooking depressing? Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.053
White, J. B., Langer, E. J., Yariv, L., & Welch, J. C. (2006). Frequent Social Comparisons and Destructive Emotions and Behaviors: The Dark Side of Social Comparisons. Journal of Adult Development, 13(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-006-9005-0
Yildiz Durak, H. (2017). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.09.003
Zhao, N., & Zhou, G. (2021). COVID-19 Stress and Addictive Social Media Use (SMU): Mediating Role of Active Use and Social Media Flow. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.635546
Alnjadat, R., Hmaidi, M. M., Samha, T. E., Kilani, M. M., & Hasswan, A. M. (2019). Gender variations in social media usage and academic performance among the students of University of Sharjah. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(4), 390–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.05.002
American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/
Balakrishnan, V., & Shamim, A. (2013). Malaysian Facebookers: Motives and addictive behaviours unraveled. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1342–1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.010
Cernikova, M., Dedkova, L., & Smahel, D. (2016). Youth interaction with online strangers: experiences and reactions to unknown people on the Internet. Information, Communication & Society, 21(1), 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2016.1261169
Cipolletta, S., Malighetti, C., Cenedese, C., & Spoto, A. (2020). How Can Adolescents Benefit from the Use of Social Networks? The iGeneration on Instagram. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 6952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196952
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
DiCicco-Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x
Department of Statistics Malayisa. (2021, February 10). Demographic Statistics Fourth Quarter 2020, Malaysia. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=430&bul_id=Szk0WjBlWHVTV2V1cGxqQ1hyVlppZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09.
Dombrowski, S. C., LeMasney, J. W., Ahia, C. E., & Dickson, S. A. (2004). Protecting Children From Online Sexual Predators: Technological, Psychoeducational, and Legal Considerations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.65
Drummond, W. J. (1991). Adolescent Relationships in a Period of Change: A New Zealand Perspective. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 2(4), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.1991.9747685
Du, J., Kerkhof, P., & van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2019). Predictors of Social Media Self-Control Failure: Immediate Gratifications, Habitual Checking, Ubiquity, and Notifications. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(7), 477–485. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0730
Dumitru, E.-A. (2020). Testing Children and Adolescents’ Ability to Identify Fake News: A Combined Design of Quasi-Experiment and Group Discussions. Societies, 10(3), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10030071
Fox, J., & Moreland, J. J. (2015). The dark side of social networking sites: An exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083
Franchina, V., Vanden Abeele, M., van Rooij, A., Lo Coco, G., & De Marez, L. (2018). Fear of Missing Out as a Predictor of Problematic Social Media Use and Phubbing Behavior among Flemish Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102319
Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, Mirror on my Facebook Wall: Effects of Exposure to Facebook on Self-Esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(1-2), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0411
Guyer, J. J., & Vaughan-Johnston, T. I. (2018). Social Comparisons (Upward and Downward). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1912-1
Habibullah, M. S., Sanusi, N. A., Abdullah, L., Kusairi, S., Golam Hassan, A. A., & Ghazali, N. A. (2018). Does The Less Developed States In Malaysia Catching-Up To The Richer State Of Selangor? Journal of Contemporary Issues and Thought, 8, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.37134/jcit.vol8.4.2018
Hewitt, J., & Goldman, M. (1974). Self-esteem, need for approval, and reactions to personal evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10(3), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(74)90067-5
Hunt, M. G., Marx, R., Lipson, C., & Young, J. (2018). No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases Loneliness and Depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(10), 751–768. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.751
Indian, M., & Grieve, R. (2014). When Facebook is easier than face-to-face: Social support derived from Facebook in socially anxious individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.016
Isa, S. M., Hashim, A. H., Kaur, M., & Ng, C. G. (2016). Internet Addiction among Adolescents in Malaysia: The Prevalence and its Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms. The Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 25(1).
Kapahi, A., Ling, C. S., Ramadass, S., & Abdullah, N. (2013). Internet Addiction in Malaysia Causes and Effects. IBusiness, 5(2), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.4236/ib.2013.52009
Karim, F., Oyewande, A., Abdalla, L. F., Chaudhry Ehsanullah, R., & Khan, S. (2020). Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8627
Katz, E., Haas, H., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). On the Use of the Mass Media for Important Things. American Sociological Review, 38(2), 164. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094393
Khoo, Y. S., & Zhooriyati, S. M. (2021). Meaning in life of Malaysian adolescents: a qualitative study. Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies, 23, (ISSN 2180-1649).
Kilduff, G. J. (2014). Driven to Win. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(8), 944–952. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614539770
Kim, H., Parker, J. G., & Walker Marciano, A. R. (2017). Interplay of self-esteem, emotion regulation, and parenting in young adolescents' friendship jealousy. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 52, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.06.007
Kırcaburun, K. (2016). Self-Esteem, Daily Internet Use and Social Media Addiction as Predictors of Depression among Turkish Adolescents. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(24), 64–72.
Kuala Lumpur City Hall. (2020, February 17). Turning KL into a city for all. https://www.dbkl.gov.my/klmycity2040/?p=4136.
Leighton, S., & Dogra, N. (2009). In Nursing in child and adolescent mental health (pp. 7–18). essay, McGraw Hill/Open University Press.
Lucas, R. E., & Tay, L. (2018). Reevaluating the Strengths and Weaknesses of Self- Report Measures of Subjective Well-Being. In E. Diener & S. Oishi (Eds.), Handbook of well-being (pp. 1–12). DEF Publishers. https://www.nobascholar.com/chapters/2
Malaysian Communications And Multimedia Commission. (2020, December 29). Internet Users Survey. Official Portal of Malaysian Communications And Multimedia Commission. https://www.mcmc.gov.my/en/resources/statistics/internet-users-survey.
Meier, A., & Schäfer, S. (2018). The Positive Side of Social Comparison on Social Network Sites: How Envy Can Drive Inspiration on Instagram. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(7), 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0708
Mesch, G. S. (2016). Parent–Child Connections on Social Networking Sites and Cyberbullying. Youth & Society, 50(8), 1145–1162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x16659685
Moslehpour, M., & Batjargal, U. (2013). Factors Influencing Internet Addiction among Adolescents of Malaysia and Mongolia. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 9(2).
Muslikah, Mulawarman, & Andriyani, A. (2018). Social Media User Students’ Academic Procrastination. Psikopedagogia Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 7(2), 53–57.
Naslund, J. A., Bondre, A., Torous, J., & Aschbrenner, K. A. (2020). Social Media and Mental Health: Benefits, Risks, and Opportunities for Research and Practice. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 5(3), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00134-x
Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social Support and Resilience to Stress: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice. Psychiatry, 4(5), 35–40.
Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Purvis, A., Rodger, H., & Beckingham, S. (2016). Engagement or Distraction: The use of Social Media for Learning in Higher Education. Student Engagement and Experience Journal, 5(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7190/seej.v5.i1.104
Rahman, M. S. (2017). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches and Methods in Language “Testing and Assessment” Research: A Literature Review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p102
Salman, A., Choy, E. A., Mahmud, W. A., & Latif, R. A. (2013). Tracing the diffusion of internet in Malaysia: Then and now. Asian Social Science, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n6p9
Song, I., Larose, R., Eastin, M. S., & Lin, C. A. (2004). Internet Gratifications and Internet Addiction: On the Uses and Abuses of New Media. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(4), 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2004.7.384
Tandoc, E. C., Ferrucci, P., & Duffy, M. (2015). Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students: Is facebooking depressing? Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.053
White, J. B., Langer, E. J., Yariv, L., & Welch, J. C. (2006). Frequent Social Comparisons and Destructive Emotions and Behaviors: The Dark Side of Social Comparisons. Journal of Adult Development, 13(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-006-9005-0
Yildiz Durak, H. (2017). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.09.003
Zhao, N., & Zhou, G. (2021). COVID-19 Stress and Addictive Social Media Use (SMU): Mediating Role of Active Use and Social Media Flow. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.635546
Published
2022-06-01
How to Cite
LEE, Samantha; S. M., Zhooriyati.
The Factors of Social Media Usage and Mental Health: A Study on Malaysian Adolescents.
Asian Journal of Behavioural Sciences, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 2, p. 45-56, june 2022.
ISSN 2710-5865.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ajbs/article/view/17793>. Date accessed: 20 sep. 2024.
Section
Articles
