The Significance of “Red” Within the Pre-Columbian Funerary Rituals
Abstract
Religion-faith, art and science has dominated much of human existence since the early days of Homo Sapiens-Sapiens walking the earth. The intent of this two-part paper is to provide a wider understanding of the evolution of the colour ‘Red’ from its early beginnings, it also analyses the diverse characteristics of insects and plants-based colour of different Red’s such a cochineal, Vermillion-Cinnabar, Chinese red, red lead-minium and the relationship with pre-Columbian Peruvian funerary rituals. The first part touches on the historical aspect, its discovery, fabrication, commercialization of the colour ‘Red’. Even though blue or black may be the favourite colour in today’s Western accounts, ‘Red’ has always placed special meaning in our everyday life events, from Greco-Roman antiquity through to the Middle Ages, it has remained the most remarkably strong colour, full of richness in poetics and symbolic possibilities. The second part of this paper, focuses on providing evidence of the practise of the usages of the colour ‘red’ in the textiles of pre-Columbian Peruvian funerary rituals of the Andean civilizations such as Moche, Chimu, Nasca, Paracas, and subsequently the Incas as a means of symbolic connection with the afterlife. Finally, this paper concludes with a brief examination that the color “Red” acquires a dimension with a meaning which is based on the cultural context of the ‘Taki Onkoy’ or ‘Mal de Canto’ expression, historical and its psychological effects. It is a journey that captivates the fantasies of every generation across different continents.
References
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Ávila, F. (2011). Polychrome archeology. The use and choice of color in plastic expressions. Bulletin of The Chilean Museum of Pre-Columbian Art 16(2), 2011, pp. 89-99, Santiago de Chile ISSN 0716-1530
Barnett, J. R., Miller, S., & Pearce, E. (2006). Colour and art: A brief history of pigments. Optics & Laser Technology, 38(4), 445–453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.06.005
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2017, June 19). Phrygian cap. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/art/Phrygian-cap
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row.
Butler, A. (2010). A Perfect Red. Empire, espionage and the search for the color of desire. University of Valencia.
Canal22 (2016, Dec 14). Mexican Red. The cochineal in art. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqvI8_IAP84
Castro, K. S., In Millones, L., Institute of Peruvian Studies., & Peruvian Society of Psychoanalysis. (1990). The Return of the Huacas: Studies and documents on the Taki Onqoy: 16th century. Lima: Institute of Peruvian Studies.
Chevalier, J. & Gheerbrant, A. (1996). Dictionary of Symbols. Penguin Books. Pp. 638.
Chicoine, D. (2011). Death and Religion in The Southern Moche Periphery: Funerary Practices At Huambacho, Nepeña Valley, Peru. Latin American Antiquity, 22(4), 525–548. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23072573
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de Mayolo, K. K. A. (1989). Peruvian natural dye plants. Economic Botany, 43(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859858
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Greenfield, A.B. (2019). The Bug That had the World Seeing Red. Smarthistory. Source from, https://smarthistory.org/cochineal/
Guibovich, P. (1991). Cristóbal de Albornoz and Taki Onqoy. Historical, 15(2), 205-236.
Hernández- Hernández, F., García F., Río, I. & Lanz, C. (2005). The fine cochineal of the nopal, Mexican coloring for the world. Mexican Academy of Sciences. Oct- Dec, 56(4), 78-87. Mexico
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Holtzschue, L. (2006). Understanding Color, and Introduction for Designer. John Wiley & Son. Inc. Pp. 87.
Hughes, P. (1994). Rediscovery of Pre-Columbian Textiles. Lamandart Publishers Ruiselede.
Isla, J., Alva, W., Lumbreras, L.G., de Szyszlo, F., Campana, C. C, Figueroa, A., Carlos G. Elena, Hoyle, A.M., Lemasson, P., Rostworowki, M., Alvaro Roca-Rey (Rodrigo Sarmiento H), Sanz,N., Edited by Marzia Branca, Catherine Ojalvo, (2006). “Peru, Art from the Chavin to the Incas”. Skira Editore S.p.A
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Kuniecki, M., Pilarczyk, J., & Wichary, S. (2015). The color red attracts attention in an emotional context. An ERP study. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 9, 212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00212
Lau, G. F. (2008). Ancestor Images in the Andes. The Handbook of South American Archaeology, 1027–1045. https://www.academia.edu/1935262/Ancestor_images_in_the_Andes_2008
Makowski, K. (2005). ,,Deificación frente a ancestralización del gobernante en el Perú prehispánico: Sipán y Paracas”. Arqueología, Geografía a Historia. Aportes Peruanos En El 50°Congreso de Americanistas, Varsovia – Polonia 2000:39-80, Fondo Editorial de La Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Perú – PromPerú, Lima. https://www.academia.edu/7363289/_Deificación_frente_a_ancestralización_del_gobernante_en_el_Perú_prehispánico_Sipán_y_Paracas_
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Ávila, F. (2011). Polychrome archeology. The use and choice of color in plastic expressions. Bulletin of The Chilean Museum of Pre-Columbian Art 16(2), 2011, pp. 89-99, Santiago de Chile ISSN 0716-1530
Barnett, J. R., Miller, S., & Pearce, E. (2006). Colour and art: A brief history of pigments. Optics & Laser Technology, 38(4), 445–453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.06.005
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2017, June 19). Phrygian cap. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/art/Phrygian-cap
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row.
Butler, A. (2010). A Perfect Red. Empire, espionage and the search for the color of desire. University of Valencia.
Canal22 (2016, Dec 14). Mexican Red. The cochineal in art. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqvI8_IAP84
Castro, K. S., In Millones, L., Institute of Peruvian Studies., & Peruvian Society of Psychoanalysis. (1990). The Return of the Huacas: Studies and documents on the Taki Onqoy: 16th century. Lima: Institute of Peruvian Studies.
Chevalier, J. & Gheerbrant, A. (1996). Dictionary of Symbols. Penguin Books. Pp. 638.
Chicoine, D. (2011). Death and Religion in The Southern Moche Periphery: Funerary Practices At Huambacho, Nepeña Valley, Peru. Latin American Antiquity, 22(4), 525–548. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23072573
Cooke, C. A., Hintelmann, H., Ague, J. J., Burger, R., Biester, H., Sachs, J. P., & Engstrom, D. R. (2013). Use and Legacy of Mercury in the Andes. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(9), 4181–4188. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3048027
Curatola, M. (1990). "Mal del Canto" and "Mal del Maíz". Etiologic of a millennial movement. Museo Nazionale Preistorico ed Etnográfica “L. Pigorini”, Rome. Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Anthropological Monograph. No. 8.
de Mayolo, K. K. A. (1989). Peruvian natural dye plants. Economic Botany, 43(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859858
Donkin, R.A. (1977). Spanish Red: An Ethnogeography Study of Cochineal and the Opuntia Cactus. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 67(5). Pp, 1-84.
Duarte, C. M. (2014). Red Ochre and Shells: Clue to Human Evolution. Trend in Ecology & Evolution. Vol. 29. No. 10. Source from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.08.002
Elliot, A. J., & Aarts, H. (2011). Perception of the color red enhances the force and velocity of motor output. Emotion, 11. Pp, 445-449.
Fernández, G. G. (2020). Discourse and Process of Amestizamiento of Spanish in "Homily of the Khori Challwa" /Discurso y proceso de amestizamiento del castellano en la “Homilía del Khori Challwa.” Mitologías Hoy, 21(0), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/mitologias.691
Finlay, V. (2004). Color, A Natural History of the Palette. Random House Trade Paperbacks. 134.
Fossa, L. (2014). Cristóbal de Albornoz: biografía, obra e influencia. Proyecto Glosas croniquenses. Lydia Fossa, PhD oct 2014.docx. Glosas Croniquenses. https://www.academia.edu/38171471/Cristóbal_de_Albornoz_biografía_obra_e_influencia_Proyecto_Glosas_croniquenses_Lydia_Fossa_PhD_oct_2014_docx
Frame, M. (2008). Representaciones de genero, jerarquia y otras relaciones en los bordados Paracas Necropolis. Arqueologia y Sociedad, No. 19. https://www.academia.edu/45165225/Representaciones_de_genero_jerarquia_y_otras_relaciones_en_los_bordados_Paracas_Necropolis
Gaither, C., Kent, J., Sánchez, V. V., & Tham, T. R. (2008). Mortuary Practices and Human Sacrifice in the Middle Chao Valley of Peru: Their Interpretation in the Context of Andean Mortuary Patterning. Latin American Antiquity, 19(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1045663500007744
Greenfield, A.B. (2005). A Perfect Red: empire, espionage, and the quest for the color of Desire. HarperColins.
Greenfield, A.B. (2019). The Bug That had the World Seeing Red. Smarthistory. Source from, https://smarthistory.org/cochineal/
Guibovich, P. (1991). Cristóbal de Albornoz and Taki Onqoy. Historical, 15(2), 205-236.
Hernández- Hernández, F., García F., Río, I. & Lanz, C. (2005). The fine cochineal of the nopal, Mexican coloring for the world. Mexican Academy of Sciences. Oct- Dec, 56(4), 78-87. Mexico
Herring, A. (2021). Art and vision in the Inca empire: Andean and Spanish in Cajamarca. Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Editorial background.
Holtzschue, L. (2006). Understanding Color, and Introduction for Designer. John Wiley & Son. Inc. Pp. 87.
Hughes, P. (1994). Rediscovery of Pre-Columbian Textiles. Lamandart Publishers Ruiselede.
Isla, J., Alva, W., Lumbreras, L.G., de Szyszlo, F., Campana, C. C, Figueroa, A., Carlos G. Elena, Hoyle, A.M., Lemasson, P., Rostworowki, M., Alvaro Roca-Rey (Rodrigo Sarmiento H), Sanz,N., Edited by Marzia Branca, Catherine Ojalvo, (2006). “Peru, Art from the Chavin to the Incas”. Skira Editore S.p.A
Jones, D.M. (2010). The Everyday Life of the Ancient Incas. Hermes House Publisher
Kuniecki, M., Pilarczyk, J., & Wichary, S. (2015). The color red attracts attention in an emotional context. An ERP study. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 9, 212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00212
Lau, G. F. (2008). Ancestor Images in the Andes. The Handbook of South American Archaeology, 1027–1045. https://www.academia.edu/1935262/Ancestor_images_in_the_Andes_2008
Makowski, K. (2005). ,,Deificación frente a ancestralización del gobernante en el Perú prehispánico: Sipán y Paracas”. Arqueología, Geografía a Historia. Aportes Peruanos En El 50°Congreso de Americanistas, Varsovia – Polonia 2000:39-80, Fondo Editorial de La Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Perú – PromPerú, Lima. https://www.academia.edu/7363289/_Deificación_frente_a_ancestralización_del_gobernante_en_el_Perú_prehispánico_Sipán_y_Paracas_
Marichal, C. (2017). A Forgotten Chapter in International Trade: Mexican Cochineal and the European Demand for American Dyes, from 1550 to 1850, in Carlos Marichal, Steven Topik and Zephyr Frank, From Silver to Cocaine. Five centuries of economic history of Latin America, 1500-2000, Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Pp. 9 - 36.
Mengual, X., & Thompson, F. C. (2011). Carmine cochineal killers: the flower fly genus Eosalpingogaster Hull (Diptera: Syrphidae) revised. Systematic Entomology, 36(4), 713–731. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00588.x
Pastoureau, M. (2009). Black: The History of a Color. Princeton University Press. Source from, https://www.academia.edu/5725879/Black_The_History_of_a_color_Michel_Pastoureau?email_work_card=view-paper
Pastoureau, M. (2017). Red: The History of a Color. Princeton University Press.
Pease. F. (2014). The Incas. Editorial Fund of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru.
Petru, S. (2006). Red, Black or White, The Dawn of Colour Symbolism. Documenta Praehistorica 33. Source from, DOI: 10.4312/dp.33.18
Piotrowski, C. (2012). Color Red: Implications for Applied Psychology and Marketing Research. Psychology and Education, 49, 55–57.
Prieto-Olavarría, C. & Tobar, V. (2017). Interactions and visual languages in local ceramics from the Inca and colonial periods (Central Western Argentina). Atacameño Studies, 55, Pp. 135-161.
Proulx, D. A. (2007). Nasca Mysterious Sign in Ancient Peru. Edited by Judith Rickenbach, Pp. 59-77. Published by Museum Fur Volkerkunde Wien.
Pujazon, E. P. & Elias, J. D. (2021). Newton’s Spectrum Theory, The Color Indigo and Its Mystical Practices. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). 9(7), Pp. 696-704. Source from,
http://www.ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2107617
Ramirez, S.E. (1996). The World Upside-Down, Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru. Stanford University Press. Pp 135.
Roquero, A. (2008). Identification of Red Dyes in Textiles from the Andean Region. Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings.
Salinas, C. M. (2018). Mexican Cochineal, Local Technologies and the Rise of Global Trade from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries. In M. Perez Garcia & L. De Sousa (Eds.), Global History and New Polycentric Approaches: Europe, Asia and the Americas in a World Network System (pp. 255–273). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4053-5_12
Schafer, Edward H. (1956). The Early History of Lead Pigments and Cosmetics in China. T’oung Pao, Second Series, 44 Livs 4/5. Pp. 413-438. Source from, http:// www.jstor.org/stable/4527434
Secretary of Culture of Morelos & Museum of the Palace of Fine Arts, (2014). Mexican red. International Colloquium on the Grana cochineal in the art. Colloquium. November 11-14. Source from, http://www.h-mexico.unam.mx/node/15061
Secretary of Culture of the United Mexican States. (2017). The pigment of Mexico for the world. Mexican red. Directorate of Diffusion and Public Relations. Press Office (INBA). November 7, 2017, Bulletin number 1459. Source from, https://www.inba.gob.mx/prensa/7299/el-pigmento-de-mexico-para-el-mundo-rojo-mexicanola-grana-cochinilla-en-el-arte
Segovia Gordillo, A. (2014). González Holguín's Spanish-Quechua Vocabulary 1608. Heir to Nebrija?, Philology Hispalenesis, 28 (1). https://doi.org/10.12795/PH.2014.v28.i01.01
Serrano, A., Hallett, J., & Bommel, M. R. (2011). The Red Road of the Iberian Expansion: cochineal and the global dye trade. ARCHLAB Transnational Access BM/C2RMF/NGL, CHARISMA ARCHLAB User’s Reports.
Shimada, I. (2018). The Inka Empire. Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Editorial background
Shimada, I., Shinoda, K., Farnum, J., Corruccini, R., & Watanabe, H. (2004). An Integrated Analysis of Pre‐Hispanic Mortuary Practices: A Middle Sicán Case Study. Current Anthropology, 45(3), 369–402. https://doi.org/10.1086/382249
St. Clair, K. (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. John Murray Publishers.
Tantaleán, H., Stanish, C., Rodríguez, A., & Pérez, K. (2016). The Final Days of Paracas in Cerro del Gentil, Chincha Valley, Peru. PLOS ONE, 11(5), e0153465. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0153465
Terzi, A. R., & Derin, R. (2016). Relation Between Democratic Leadership and Organizational Cynicism. Journal of Education and Learning, 5(3), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v5n3p193
Toyne, J. (2011). Interpretations of Pre-Hispanic Ritual Violence at Tucume, Peru, from Cut Mark Analysis. Latin American Antiquity, 22(4), 505-523. doi:10.7183/1045-6635.22.4.505
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Published
2022-03-01
How to Cite
PUJAZON PATRON, Ernesto Carlos; MOKHTAR, Mumtaz; ELIAS, Jose Domingo.
The Significance of “Red” Within the Pre-Columbian Funerary Rituals.
Asian Journal of Behavioural Sciences, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 15-42, mar. 2022.
ISSN 2710-5865.
Available at: <https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ajbs/article/view/17368>. Date accessed: 20 sep. 2024.
Section
Articles
